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Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890 - 1954)
the "A" in "Smart DaAf Boys"
The inventors that put the Pizzazz in Radio Wave. (Get free copies of NBS - U.S. Wireless Telegraph, Audion Tube Patents)

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WERE ANY OF THE SMART DAAF BOYS PAID BY ANY GOVERNMENT FOR THEIR FREQUENCIES? No!
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Should the $30 billion collected by the U.S.A. -- since 1996, be paid to the SMART DAAF / N.B. Stubblefield Family Fund . . . and the Kentucky "Big 6"?


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Section B: TIMELINE / http://www.smart90.com/nbs100/NBS100reportB.htm
MORE STORY - NBS100b Timeline "B" / 1905 to 1910 - "The Wireless Patents"
MORE STORY - NBS100c Timeline "C" / 1910 to 1916 - "The Monopoly"
MORE STORY - NBS100d Timeline "D" / 1916 to 1925 - "The World War
MORE STORY - NBS100e Timeline "E" / 1925 to 1934 - "Radio Stations / FCC 1892 - First Wireless

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Edwin Howard Armstrong
b. December 18, 1890, in New York City, U.S.A.
d. January 31, 1954, NY, U.S.A.

Excerpts found on this page are from: "Nathan B. Stubblefield, the Radio Boy" & "The SMART-DAAF BOYS"™©1992 and "Disappointments Are Great, Follow the Money, The Internet - D-diaries - ©2006 - By Troy and Josie Cory-Stubblefield • ISBN 1-883644-34-8 • Library of Congress Catalog # TX 5-967-411
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EDWIN HOWARD ARMSTRONG -- 1914 - 1954 A Westinghouse Engineer, Philadelphia Superheterodyne: Westinghouse Asset -- 1920 FM Radio - 1938

••• Armstrong was born in Yonkers, New York on December 18, 1890. He died in New York on February 1, 1954.
Armstrong was from a genteel, devoutly Presbyterian family of Manhattan. He was the first child in the family.
His mother, Emily Smith Armstrong, had been a teacher in the public schools and his father, John Armstrong, was vice president of the United States branch of the Oxford University Press. The family soon moved to the suburban town of Yonkers, N.Y., where they lived in a house on a bluff overlooking the Hudson River.
The house, which still stands just up from the Greystone railroad station, was declared a historical landmark in 1978 by the Yonkers Historical Society. Next door, on the north side of the house at the corner of Odell Avenue, was 1040 Warburton Avenue, the home of Armstrong's maternal grandparents.
The members of the two families were a gregarious lot, and Edwin's childhood was a happy one filled with large gatherings of relatives, many of whom were teachers. Learning was prized. "Quick, boy! How much is nine times five, minus three, divided by six, times two, plus nine?" His great uncle, Charles Hartman, principal of New York City Public School 160 would quiz his nephew to encourage his mental agility.
From Yonkers, New York, he joined the search for a bigger and better way to broadcast music and voice. He published his first report on his feedback or regenerative circuit in Electrical World, December, 1914. - Continue For More

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• The Smart-Daaf Boys / WiTEL®™©

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StubblefieldMarconiAmbrose FlemingReginald FessendenTesla
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1. Feature (Excerpt from) "The SMART DAAF BOYS"™
• • Continued from above - Up until this time, DeForest and others were mystified by the strange behavior of the Audion under certain circumstances. They felt it a basic flaw and, we assume, did not look much further in this direction, until Armstrong came along.
Edwin H. Armstrong is widely regarded as one of the foremost contributors to the field of radio-electronics. In fact, he's the only one of the Smart-Daaf Boys that was allowed to use the word radio in his patent, 1933 - U.S. Patent 1941066 : December 26, 1933 - Armstrong "Radio signalling system"
Armstrong received an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University. He was one of the most prolific inventors of the radio era, with a vision that was ahead of his time and was the holder of 42 patents for inventions in the field of radio. His inventions and developments help form the final touches in the Voice / Music Radio Communication WiFi spectrums commenced in by Smart-Daaf Boys Stubblefield and Marconi, in 1892.
He invented the Regenerative circuit (invented while he was a junior in college at Columbia University, and patented 1914), the Super-regenerative circuit (patented 1922), and the Super Heterodyne receiver (patented 1918). the Superregenerative Circuit (1922) and the complete frequency-modulation radio broadcasting system (1933).
These basic electronic circuits are underlying all modern radio, radar, and television. Armstrong's life is both a story about the great inventions he brought about, and the tragedy wherein those inventions' rights were claimed by others.
•••• At the turn of the 20th century, when wireless telephony and telegraphy was being publicly demonstrated, there were no packets of instant coffee and Creamora laying around, where all you had to do was add hot water.
••• Luckily for Armstrong, after 1913, most of the WiFi hot spots need for modern day telecom usage,were just being introduced to the by General Squire, of the U.S. Signal Corps. The words "radio", "television, and the terms "antenna", "radio tubes", radar, flying aerial devices and "AC alternators" were all known to Armstrong, when he patented his Super-regenerative circuit. Those terms didn't exist when Smart-Daaf Boys, Marconi and Stubblefield started their wireless operations.
••• In fact, to make telephony talk in a big way, it took over eighteen years, starting in 1892, just to get the government to patent the first Wireless Telephone™. It took another 90 years, in 1996 -- before the first group of Wireless Telephone™ frequencies were sold to the general public, by the FCC for billions of dollars. CLICK TO SEE 1907 AUTO PATENT DRAWING.
••• Armstrong recognized the strange behavior as oscillation, meaning the tube that was properly supplied with direct current acted to change this current to alternating current&endash;the stuff from which radio transmissions are made. In his first paper, and subsequent papers and talks, Armstrong showed how the amplified signal taken from the plate of the Audion could be used to strengthen the incoming signal, which then would be amplified and returned again to the incoming signal (grid of the tube) and so until the point of oscillation was almost reached. Suddenly the barriers to consistent long range radio communications were down.
••• Edwin Howard Armstrong's Superheterodyne patent was purchased by Westinghouse. Having been scrambling to compete with the RCA-GE-AT&T alliance. Just a month before KDKA's November, 1920, broadcast, Westinghouse shrewdly bought the patents to a new type of circuitry invented by a graduate student at Columbia University, Edwin H. Armstrong. While Armstrong was serving in France in World War I, he became interested in finding a way for antiaircraft guidance systems to home in on the radio waves emitted by aircraft engines.
••• Although his invention never aided the war effort, it did spark the development of the superheterodyne circuit, an improvement on Fessenden's heterodyne circuit. The superheterodyne changed the frequency of incoming radio waves, amplified them, then changed them to an audible signal. Westinghouse also acquired some patents held by Michael Pupin, a Columbia professor who had worked with Armstrong, permitting him to use his laboratory and financing some of his work.
•• No longer was it necessary for the transmitter to actually power the earphones producing the sound. Now all the receiver required was a "smell" of the signal and the receiver furnished the power. The Spark-generator transmitter meant a constant arc that consumed energy at a voracious rate and generated a broad band of radio frequencies that interfered with reception.
••• With the Audion, the triode, it suddenly became possible to generate a single frequency at high efficiency without the heat and danger of the open electric arc. The triode could be (and was) used as an amplifier to strengthen voice signals so that they could be sent across the country. The triode also made the heterodyne receiver practical. Fessenden invented it, but Armstrong is credited with inventing the superheterodyne receiver, which is still used today for AM radio reception.
••• To get a little ahead of our story, Edwin Armstrong also invented and developed FM radio transmission and reception. For Armstrong and Lee DeForest, the invention of the feedback circuit and the superheterodyne was not an unmixed blessing. It is reported that the two men took a dislike to each other on sight, and this mutual dislike didn't do anything to alleviate their many years of legal battles in the courts over their respective patent claims.

<•>

02 / TimeLine. Armstrong
• 1890 - Edwin H. Armstrong was born on December 18, 1890, in New York City. His mother, Emily Smith Armstrong, had been a teacher in the public schools and his father, John Armstrong, was vice president of the United States branch of the Oxford University Press.
• 1912 -
the Regenerative Circuit
(invented while he was a junior in college at Columbia University, and patented 1914). Received ndergraduate degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University.
• 1914 - Deforest. Patented Regenerative Circuit, and which was subsequently patented by Lee De Forest in 1916; De Forest then sold the rights to his patent to AT&T.
1914 - U.S. Patent 1113149 : October 6, 1914 - Armstrong "Wireless Receiving System" - ARMSTRONG
• 1916 - Deforest. Patented Regenerative Circuit, and which was subsequently patented by Lee De Forest in 1916; De Forest then sold the rights to his patent to AT&T.
• 1917 - I
n 1917, while serving his country during World War I as a captain in the US Signal Corps, he invented the superheterodyne circuit, which further improved the ability to receive radio signals-- this circuit allowed for greater selectivity and amplification.
• 1917 - Armstrong was the first recipient of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE's, now IEEE), Medal of Honor.
• 1918 - the Superheterodyne Circuit (1918). Many of Armstrong's inventions were ultimately claimed by others in patent lawsuits. Armstrong's life is both a story about the great inventions he brought about, and the tragedy wherein those inventions' rights were claimed by others.
• 1919 - the Radio Club of America recognised him as radio's most important person, and held a dinner and award ceremony for him at the Hotel Ansonia in New York. He had been promoted from Captain to Major in the military, he was a respected university lecturer on radio, and he was receiving recognition from his peers-- as well as attention from the print media.
1920 - U.S. Patent 1336378. April 6, 1920 - Armstrong
1920 - U.S. Patent 1342885 : June 8, 1920 - Armstrong "Method of receiving high frequency oscillation"
1922 - U.S. Patent 1424065 : July 25, 1922 - Armstrong "Signaling System"the Superregenerative Circuit (1922)
• 1923 - Marriage to Marion MacInnis in late 1923, to whom Armstrong was introduced to by David Sarnoff and who later ultimately betrayed Armstrong
• 1931 - MAXWELL'S ETHER THEORY DIES - November, 13, 1931. The one-hundredth anniversary of Clerk Maxwell's birth was marked by the scientific world "digging a grave for the theory of a luminiferous ether," but at the same time honoring Maxwell's mathematical genius.
• 1933 - the complete frequency-modulation radio broadcasting system (1933). These basic electronic circuits are underlying all modern radio, radar, and television.. Rather than varying the amplitude of a radio wave to create sound, Armstrong's method varied the frequency of the wave instead. FM radio receivers proved to generate a much clearer sound, free of static, than the AM radio dominant at the time. In proving the utility of FM technology, Armstrong successfully lobbied the FCC to create an FM radio band, between 42 and 49 MHz.
1933 - U.S. Patent 1941066 : December 26, 1933 - Armstrong "Radio Signaling System"
• 1934 • 1922-1934 - Between 1922 and 1934, Armstrong found himself embroiled in a patent war, between himself, RCA, and Westinghouse on one side, and De Forest and AT&T on the other. This patent lawsuit was the longest ever litigated to its date, at 12 years. Armstrong won the first round of the lawsuit, lost the second, and stalemated in a third. Before the United States Supreme Court, De Forest was granted the regeneration patent in what is today widely believed to be a misunderstanding of the technical facts by the Supreme Court.
• 1938 - Armstrong Tower is a 129.6 metre tall lattice tower built and used by Edwin Armstrong in 1938 at Alpine, New Jersey, USA at 40°57'39.0" N and 73°55'21.0" W for his transmission experiments. Armstrong Tower looks like a huge pylon with three crossbars and is now used for directional radio services.
• 1940 - In the early 1940s, shortly before and during World War II, Armstong then helped to market a small number of high powered FM radio stations in the New England states, known as the Yankee Network. Armstrong had begun on a journey to convince America that FM radio was superior to AM, and, he hoped, to collect patent royalties on every radio sold with FM technology.
However, the FM radio which threatened to destroy the AM radio proved to be too revolutionary for the RCA (Radio Corporation of America), Armstrong's then employer. RCA began to lobby for a change in the law or FCC regulations that would prevent the FM radios from becoming dominant.
• 1942 - He received in 1942 the AIEEs Edison Medal "For distinguished contributions to the art of electric communication, notably the regenerative circuit, the superheterodyne, and frequency modulation".
• 1945 - By June of 1945, the Radio Corporation of America, RCA had pushed the FCC hard on the allocation of electromagnetic frequencies for the fledgling television industry. Although they denied wrongdoing, David Sarnoff and RCA managed to get the FCC to move the FM radio spectrum from (42 to 49 MHz), to (88 to 108 MHz), while getting new television channels allocated in the 40-megahertz range.
This single FCC action rendered all Armstrong-era FM sets useless overnight, while helping protect RCA's strong AM radio stronghold. Armstrong's radio network did not survive the frequency shift up into the high frequencies; most experts believe that FM technology was set back decades by the FCC's decision. This change was strongly supported by AT&T, because loss of FM relaying stations forced radio stations to buy wired links from AT&T.
• 1954 - Driven to despair over the FM debacle Armstrong jumped to his death from the thirteenth floor window of his New York City flat on 31 January 1954.
• 1967 -
His second wife and widow Marion
renewed the patent fightafter Armstrong's death against RCA and finally prevailed in 1967. It took decades after Armstrong's death for FM radio to meet and surpass the saturation of AM, and longer still for FM radio to become profitable for its broadcasters. Ultimately, however, the genius of FM technology was proven by its wide adoption today. However, Armstrong's invention, and his genius, were ultimately proven in the marketplace by today's broad acceptance of the FM band.
• 1978 - Armstrongs parents' house on a bluff overlooking the Hudson River.in the suburban town of Yonkers, N.Y. which still stands, was declared a historical landmark in 1978 by the Yonkers Historical Society.
• 1980 - in 1980, Armstrongewas inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
• 1988 - the Armstrong Memorial Research Foundation at Columbia University issued an informational booklet about his life and his many accomplishments, noting, "At least one of Armstrong's three key inventions-- the regenerative and superheterodyne circuits and wide band frequency modulation-- is a vital component of almost all current telecommunications equipment worldwide."

<•>
03 • Armstrong - 1896 to 1928, and DeForest's improvements on Marconi's Wireless Telegraphy™, utilizing the Audion, EXCERPTS From the Smart-Daaf Boys: Smart Daaf Boys - Products

LAWSUITS
In particular, the regenerative circuit, which Armstrong patented in 1914, was subsequently patented by Lee De Forest in 1916; De Forest then sold the rights to his patent to AT&T. Between 1922 and 1934, Armstrong found himself embroiled in a patent war, between himself, RCA, and Westinghouse on one side, and De Forest and AT&T on the other. This patent lawsuit was the longest ever litigated to its date, at 12 years. Armstrong won the first round of the lawsuit, lost the second, and stalemated in a third. Before the United States Supreme Court, De Forest was granted the regeneration patent in what is today widely believed to be a misunderstanding of the technical facts by the Supreme Court.
Even as the regeneration circuit lawsuit continued, Armstrong created another significant invention: frequency modulation (FM, patented in 1933). Rather than varying the amplitude of a radio wave to create sound, Armstrong's method varied the frequency of the wave instead. FM radio receivers proved to generate a much clearer sound, free of static, than the AM radio dominant at the time.
In proving the utility of FM technology, Armstrong successfully lobbied the FCC to create an FM radio band, between 42 and 49 MHz.
In the early 1940s, shortly before and during World War II, Armstong then helped to market a small number of high powered FM radio stations in the New England states, known as the Yankee Network. Armstrong had begun on a journey to convince America that FM radio was superior to AM, and, he hoped, to collect patent royalties on every radio sold with FM technology.
However, the FM radio which threatened to destroy the AM radio proved to be too revolutionary for the RCA (Radio Corporation of America), Armstrong's then employer. RCA began to lobby for a change in the law or FCC regulations that would prevent the FM radios from becoming dominant.
By June of 1945, the Radio Corporation of America, RCA had pushed the FCC hard on the allocation of electromagnetic frequencies for the fledgling television industry. Although they denied wrongdoing, David Sarnoff and RCA managed to get the FCC to move the FM radio spectrum from (42 to 49 MHz), to (88 to 108 MHz), while getting new television channels allocated in the 40-megahertz range.
Coincidentally, this single FCC action rendered all Armstrong-era FM sets useless overnight, while helping protect RCA's strong AM radio stronghold. Armstrong's radio network did not survive the frequency shift up into the high frequencies; most experts believe that FM technology was set back decades by the FCC's decision. This change was strongly supported by AT&T, because loss of FM relaying stations forced radio stations to buy wired links from AT&T.
Furthermore, RCA also claimed invention of FM radio and ultimately won its own patent on FM technology, and won the ensuing patent fight between themselves and Edwin Armstrong, leaving Armstrong without the ability to claim royalties on FM radios sold in the United States. The undermining of the Yankee Network and patent court fight left Armstrong virtually penniless and emotionally destroyed.
Furthermore, RCA a A patent fight between RCA and Armstrong ensued. RCA's momentous victory in the courts left Armstrong unable to claim royalties on any FM radios sold in the United States. The undermining of Yankee Network and Patent Court battle brought ruin to Armstrong, by then, almost penniless and emotionally distraught.
Suicide
Driven to despair over the FM debacle Armstrong jumped to his death from the thirteenth floor window of his New York City flat on 31 January 1954. His second wife and widow Marion renewed the patent fight against RCA and finally prevailed in 1967. It took decades after Armstrong's death for FM radio to meet and surpass the saturation of AM, and longer still for FM radio to become profitable for its broadcasters. Ultimately, however, the genius of FM technology was proven by its wide adoption today. However, Armstrong's invention, and his genius, were ultimately proven in the marketplace by today's broad acceptance of the FM band.

By most accounts, Armstrong was a very private person, who allowed few people to get close to him. He loved his wife, but he was obsessed with radio, sometimes to the exclusion of everything and everyone around him. He became so totally consumed with his fight to prove he was right about FM that it finally caused the break-up of his marriage. In the end, worn down by money problems and frustrated by what he saw as the failure of radio.
Ironically, although he died believing he was a failure, Armstrong's discoveries continue to affect radio technology decades later. In 1988, the Armstrong Memorial Research Foundation at Columbia University issued an informational booklet about his life and his many accomplishments, noting, "At least one of Armstrong's three key inventions-- the regenerative and superheterodyne circuits and wide band frequency modulation-- is a vital component of almost all current telecommunications equipment worldwide." While too few people today know his name, his inventions laid the foundation for much of our modern broadcast technology. The Armstrong Foundation is dedicated to making his achievements better known, and expanding upon his research it established an annual award in his name for excellence in broadcasting, and has given grants to support engineering and science students who are doing promising work in telecommunications. Edwin Howard Armstrong was definitely one of broadcasting's founding fathers, and he does not deserve to be forgotten.
In 1917 Armstrong was the first recipient of the IRE's, now IEEE, Medal of Honor. He received in 1942 the AIEEs Edison Medal "For distinguished contributions to the art of electric communication, notably the regenerative circuit, the superheterodyne, and frequency modulation". Recently, in 1980, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

MAXWELL'S ETHER THEORY DIES - November, 13, 1931. The one-hundredth anniversary of Clerk Maxwell's birth was marked by the scientific world "digging a grave for the theory of a luminiferous ether," but at the same time honoring Maxwell's mathematical genius.

4. Related Stories / PATENTS
Armstrong was the holder of 42 patents for inventions in the field of radio. His inventions and developments form the backbone of Radio Communications as we know it today.
1914 - U.S. Patent 1113149, Armstrong October 6, 1914 - "Wireless Receiving System"
1920 - U.S. Patent 1336378, Armstrong April 6, 1920
1920 - U.S. Patent 1342885, Armstrong June 8, 1920 - "Method of Receiving High Fequency Oscillation"
1922 - U.S. Patent 1424065, Armstrong July 25, 1922 - "Signaling System"
1933 - U.S. Patent 1941066, Armstrong December 26, 1933 - "Radio Signaling System"
• 1942 - He received in 1942 the AIEEs Edison Medal "For distinguished contributions to the art of electric communication, notably the regenerative circuit, the superheterodyne, and frequency modulation".

The Smart Daaf Boys Timeline / Warner Bros Timeline
A SUMMER ISSUE - JULY - tviNews Events
TheNBS100
Study of FCC
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Summary
TimeLine
Gov. Control
Remedies
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Content
Acknowledgments
The Movie
"Wireless"

NBS100 Study - ORIGINAL TEXT FROM NBS - 1908 Patent / Break It Down

  After the Stubblefield Wireless Telephone™ patent was granted in 1908, the "Radio" story becomes garbled because too many "actors" enter upon the stage. The U.S. government made it easy for thousands of amateurs and "radio boys" seeking the "hook up," to connect tubes, coils, resistors, batteries, earphones, antennas, grounds, capacitors, transformers, that would produce maximum results in reception and amplification to the Wireless Telephone. The search spread to thousands of homes. Vacuum tubes at the time were manufactured by both GE and Westinghouse. The equipment used to suck air from a light bulb could perform the same task in the manufacture of vacuum tubes.
  Notice to all major Wireless Telephone Companies and Wi-Fi Broadcasters. The Next Century of the Wireless Telephone is waiting for you! Get Ready for 2007 -- the 100th year of the Registration of the Wireless Telephone Patent and its Name.
Photos courtesy of Special Collections and Archives of the Stubblefield Wireless Trust and Murray State University. The Wireless Telephone and other marks © ® and ™ by the Stubblefield Family Fund.
www.nbstubblefield.com / www.wirelesstelephone.org

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