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REGINALD
AUBREY FESSENDEN
(1871-1932)
(The weatherman)
AC Generator Broadcast -
1906
•••
REGINALD
AUBREY FESSENDEN WAS BORN
in
the small township of Milton, Quebec,
Canada, on March 11, 1871. He died in,
Hamilton, Bermuda on July 22, 1932, four
years after settling a law suit against
his former bosses, GE and RCA for
$2.5-milliion. CLICK
FOR
STORY.
•••
If
you were in search for a man that could
find a way to fill in the gap between
transmitting voice with sparks developed
by Tesla's RF electric generator, without
infringing on the simple grounded EMW
Wireless Telephone™ -- RF loop
antenna system, developed by Stubblefield,
Reginald would be your man. He patented
over 500 innovations he picked up from
working for others, including the
early day spark-gap
transmitter design allowing high levels of
radio-frequency power
output?.
•••
It
all started when Fessenden, a Canadian
citizen came to the United States in 1886,
in search for a better signal detector.
His first job was with another former
Canadian, Thomas
Edison.
•••
Reginald
was intrigued with the possibilities of
wireless telephone communication. He
taught electrical engineering at Purdue
and the University of Pittsburgh from 1893
to 1900, then worked with the U.S. Weather
Bureau until 1902.
•••
It
was there, when he first read in the
newspapers about the Stubblefield Wireless
Telephone™ public demonstrations that
were going to be taking place in
Philadelphia and Washington,
D.C.
•••
Reginald's
own 1901, unsuccessful demonstration of
voice transmission via spark were doomed
right from the start, because of the
inherent problems created by spark
coils.
•••
Shortly
after seeing the Stubblefield
demonstrations attending by General
Squire, Tesla, Bell, Westinghouse, and
other industry leaders, he developed his
own electrolytic detector and other EMW
related devices that he thought would
improve on the Stubblefield RF
transmitting unit. His patents clearly
avoided the term Wireless Telephone™.
It wasn't long after Fessenden left the
weather bureau that he formed his own
organization, the National Electric
Signaling Company (NESC) &endash; in 1906,
with the backing of two Pittsburgh
financiers, Hay Walker, Jr., and Thomas E.
Given.
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•
•
Continued
from above -
Fessenden
directed the business activities of the
National Electric Signaling Company from
the Brant Rock, Massachusetts Dit Dah
transmitter facilities. He focused his
technical knowledge and efforts on
perfecting the Alexanderson, General
Electric, Tesla inspired 60 cycle AC spark
generator to transmit both Dit Dahs and
voice. The station first gained fame by
establishing communications with
Machrihanish in Scotland.
On December 24,
1906, at 9 P.M. eastern standard time,
Reginald Fessenden, with Alexanderson in
attendance, prepared and performed their
first
speech
and phonograph music
program from the
Brant Rock
station.
-- The
Christmas Eve Broadcast occurred the same
year Tesla's Westinghouse patent for his
60-cycle electrical AC generator expired.
The private
broadcast demonstration was reported to
have been received by ships at sea, with
look-a-like GE -- Fessenden receivers, up
and down the coast, inland some distance
in New York State and Maryland -- and as
far away as 100 miles.
--
It should be
noted here, that two months after the
Reginald broadcast event, the word "Radio"
popped up. On February 28,
1907, the
DeForest Radio Telephone Company was the
first to use the new word, "Radio" to
describe the Wireless Telephony. The first
permanent wireless telephone RF
broadcasting installation was constructed
in Murray, Kentucky, by Stubblefield's
Teleph-on-del-green Industrial College, on
the campus where Murray State University
is now located.
-- It
was also on April 5, 1907, that
Stubblefield filed his Wireless Telephone
Patent Application, Serial No. 366,544
-Room 109. The patent application was
granted in conjunction with the expiration
of Edison's Antenna patent.
Reginald's company,
National Electric Signaling Company
(NESC), went bankrupt in 1912.
--
Did the
demonstration set priorities for Radio
transmissions?
--
Apparently
not, because Stubblefield was granted the
all-in-one U.S. Patent for voice-music
broadcasting in 1908, based on his 1898,
electrolytic grounded EMW transmitting
batteries, and his public Wireless
Telephone™ demonstrations that
commenced in 1892, in Murray,
Kentucky.
•
School Days, Edison, Tesla and the
Telegraphy Spark gap
•••
When Reginald Fessenden was a child, he
moved with his family to Ontario, where,
from an early age, like Marconi, he become
fascinated with the idea of wireless
telegraphy as a child when he saw
Alexander Graham Bell demonstrate his
telephone over a distance of several miles
near Bell's home in Ontario. After
training as an electrician, Fessenden
began research that subsequently took him
to the United States, where he worked with
Thomas Edison as a chemist developing
insulation for electrical wires.
•••
In 1892, at the time of Stubblefield's
first voice broadcast, he became fasinated
with the work of Tesla while working with
George Westinghouse to help set up the
lighting for the World Columbian
Exposition in Chicago. Fessenden then
became professor of electrical engineering
at Purdue University, and a year later he
was named head of electrical engineering
at Western University of Pennsylvania, the
institution that was to become the modern
University of Pittsburgh.
02
/
TimeLine.
Reginald
Aubrey Fessenden
The
Weather Man - and his Radio program of
1906
•
1871 - Reginald Aubrey Fessenden was
born
in
the small township of Milton, Quebec,
Canada, on March 11,
1871.
•••
When Reginald was a child, he moved with
his family to Ontario, where, from an
early age, like Marconi, he become
fascinated with the idea of wireless
telegraphy as a child when he saw
Alexander Graham Bell demonstrate his
telephone over a distance of several miles
near Bell's home in Ontario. After
training as an electrician, Fessenden
began research that subsequently took him
to the United States, where he worked with
Thomas Edison as a chemist developing
insulation for electrical wires.
•
1885 - Fessenden at 14 he was granted
a mathematics mastership to Bishop's
College in Lennoxville, Quebec.
• 1886 - Reginald Fessenden, a
Canadian citizen came to the United States
in 1886, in search for a better signal
detector. His first job was with another
former Canadian, Thomas
Edison.
•••
Reginald
was intrigued with the possibilities of
wireless telephone communication. He
taught electrical engineering at Purdue
and the University of Pittsburgh from 1893
to 1900, then worked with the U.S. Weather
Bureau until 1902.
• 1892 - Fessenden meets his
future wife, Helen in Bermuda. They
had one son, Reginald Kennelly
Fessenden.
• 1892 - In
1892, at the time of Stubblefield's first
voice broadcast, he became fascinated with
the work of Tesla while working with
George Westinghouse to help set up the
lighting for the World Columbian
Exposition in Chicago. Fessenden then
became professor of electrical engineering
at Purdue University, and a year later he
was named head of electrical engineering
at Western University of Pennsylvania, the
institution that was to become the modern
University of Pittsburgh.
t•
1893-1900 - Fessenden taught
electrical engineering at Purdue and the
University of Pittsburgh.
• 1900-1902 - Fessenden worked
with the U.S. Weather Bureau, on the
understanding that the Bureau could have
access to any devices he invented but that
he would retain ownership. At the Weather
Bureau he invented the liquid barretter
(an early radio receiver) and attempted to
work out a means for wireless transmission
of weather forecasts.
•
1900 - On December 23, 1900 he
transmitted his own voice over the first
wireless telephone from a site on Cobb
Island in the middle of the Potomac River
near Washington, DC.
•
1900 - U.S.
Patent 644972, Fessenden "Induction Coil
for X-ray Apparatus" Filed March 10, 1897,
Granted March 6, 1900. CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1900 - U.S. Patent 648660, Fessenden
"X-ray Apparatus" Granted May 1, 1900.
CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
0•
1900 - U.S. Patent 654390, Fessenden
"Induction-coil" Granted July 24, 1900.
CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1901 - Reginald Fessenden's own 1901,
unsuccessful demonstration of voice
transmission via spark were doomed right
from the start, because of the inherent
problems created by spark
coils.
•••
Shortly
after seeing the Stubblefield
demonstrations attending by General
Squire, Tesla, Bell, Westinghouse, and
other industry leaders, he developed his
own electrolytic detector and other EMW
related devices that he thought would
improve on the Stubblefield RF
transmitting unit. His patents clearly
avoided the term Wireless Telephone™.
It wasn't long after Fessenden left the
weather bureau that he formed his own
organization, the National Electric
Signaling Company (NESC) -- in 1906, with
the backing of two Pittsburgh financiers,
Hay Walker, Jr., and Thomas E. Given.
• 1902 - It was there, when
Fessenden first read in the newspapers
about the Stubblefield Wireless
Telephone™ public demonstrations that
were going to be taking place in
Philadelphia and Washington,
D.C.
•
1902 - after a squabble over patent
rights Fessenden resigned from the United
States Weather Bureau.
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706740, Fessenden
"Wireless Signaling" (heterodyne
principle) Filed Sept. 20, 1901, Granted
August 12, 1902. CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706741, Fessenden
"Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy"
(compressed air spark gap transmitter)
Filed Nov. 1901, Granted Aug. 12, 1902.
CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706742, Fessenden
"Wireless Signaling", (transmit-receive
switch) Filed June 1900, Granted Aug. 12,
1902. CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706744, Fessenden
"Current Actuated Wave Responsive Device"
("barretter" detector) Granted Filed July
1, 1902, Granted August 12, 1902. CLICK TO
VIEW PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706745, Fessenden
"Signaling by Electromagnetic Waves" Filed
July 1, 1902, Granted August 12, 1902.
CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706746, Fessenden
"Signaling by Electromagnetic Waves"
(ground plane) Granted August 12, 1902.
CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706747, Fessenden
"Apparatus for Signaling by
Electromagnetic Waves" (voice modulation
of 50 kHz alternator -- continuous wave
transmitter) Granted August 12, 1902.
CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 715203, Fessenden
"Selective Signaling by Electromagnetic
Waves" (multiplex transmission and
reception) Granted Dec. 2, 1902. CLICK TO
VIEW PATENT
• 1903 - Fessenden
developed a new receiving mechanism -- the
electrolytic detector and another less
successful called a barretter detector. As
his work progressed Fessenden evolved the
heterodyne system. However, due to faulty
construction and the fact that it was
ahead of its time, heterodyne reception
was not fully appreciated until the
oscillating triode was devised, thus
allowing a practical means of generating
the local frequency. Between 1905 and 1913
Fessenden developed a completely
self-sustaining wireless system.
•
1903 - In
1903 Fessenden's first high-frequency
Tesla type of alternator for continuous
wave transmission, was built to his
specifications by General Electric, E. F.
W. Alexanderson, one of the Smart Daaf
Boys. The Alexanderson alternator, which
produced such alternating currents, was
done at General Electric, (Charles Proteus
Steinmetz, was CEO of GE at the time).
Fessenden sent a voice message to an
assistant 50 miles away, and another voice
sound was heard at his experimental towers
in Scotland. In 1904 he was hired to help
engineer the Niagara Falls power plant for
the newly formed Hydro-Electric Power
Commission of Ontario.
•
1903 - U.S. Patent 727327, Fessenden
"Receiver for Electromagnetic Waves" Filed
Sept. 27, 1902, Granted May, 1903. CLICK
TO VIEW PATENT
•
1903 - U.S. Patent 727328, Fessenden
"Receiver for Signaling" Filed Dec. 20,
1902, Issued May 5, 1903. CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1903 - U.S. Patent 727329, Fessenden
"Signaling by Electromagnetic Waves" Filed
March 14, 1902, Granted May, 1903. CLICK
TO VIEW PATENT
•
1903 - U.S. Patent 727330, Fessenden
"Signaling by Electromagnetic Waves" Filed
March 21, 1903, Issued May 5, 1903. CLICK
TO VIEW PATENT
•
1903 - U.S. Patent 727331, Fessenden
"Receiver for Electromagnetic
Waves" (improved "barretter") Filed April
1, 1903, Granted May 5, 1903. CLICK TO
VIEW PATENT
•
1903 - U.S. Patent RE12115, Fessenden
"Receiver for Electromagnetic Waves" --
duplicate of 727331 May 5, 1903, reissued
May 26, 1903. CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1905-1913
- Fessenden developed a completely
self-sustaining wireless system.
•
1906- Fessenden directed the business
activities of the National Electric
Signaling Company from the Brant Rock,
Massachusetts Dit Dah transmitter
facilities. He focused his technical
knowledge and efforts on perfecting the
Alexanderson, General Electric, Tesla
inspired 60 cycle AC spark generator to
transmit both Dit Dahs and voice. The
station first gained fame by establishing
communications with Machrihanish in
Scotland.
• 1906- On
December 24, 1906, at 9 P.M. eastern
standard time, Reginald Fessenden, with an
upgraded Alexanderson alternator and with
Alexanderson in attendance, prepared and
performed their first speech
and phonograph music
program from the
Brant Rock station.
--
The Christmas
Eve Broadcast occurred the same year
Tesla's Westinghouse patent for his
60-cycle electrical AC generator expired.
The
private broadcast demonstration was
reported to have been received by ships at
sea, with look-a-like GE -- Fessenden
receivers, up and down the coast, inland
some distance in New York State and
Maryland -- and as far away as 100
miles.
•••
Ships at sea with a same like receiver,
were said to hear the broadcast that
included Fessenden playing the song O Holy
Night on the violin and reading a passage
from the Bible.
•••
Of course, this feat was four years after
Smart Daaf Boy Marconi's Dit Dah Morse
Code signal "S" was heard by Marconi from
England to Newfoundland in 1901, and
Stubblefield ship to shore two-way
wireless telephone broadcast in
Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., in
1902. Fessenden attended the
event.
• 1907- Two months after the
Fessenden broadcast event, the word
"Radio" popped up.
On February 28, 1907,
the DeForest
Radio Telephone Company was the first to
use the new word, "Radio" to describe the
Wireless Telephony. The first permanent
wireless telephone RF broadcasting
installation was constructed in Murray,
Kentucky, by Stubblefield's
Teleph-on-del-green Industrial College, on
the campus where Murray State University
is now located.
• 1907- On
April 5, 1907, Stubblefield filed his
Wireless Telephone Patent Application,
Serial No. 366,544 -Room 109. The patent
application was granted in conjunction
with the expiration of Edison's Antenna
patent.
•
1910 - U.S. Patent 948068, Fessenden
"Wireless Telegraphy" (antenna tuning)
Granted February 1, 1910.
• 1910 - U.S. Patent 974762,
Fessenden "Improvements in Wireless
Telegraphy" Granted November 1, 1910.
• 1911 -
LAWSUITS
commence
•
1911 - Hay
Walker, Jr., and Thomas H. Given dismissed
Fessenden from NESCO in January of 1911.
Fessenden brought suit, won, and was
awarded damages. To conserve assets
pending appeal, NESCO went into
receivership in 1912, and Samuel Kintner
was appointed general manager of the
company.
•••
Further work on Fessenden's alternator was
given to Ernst F. W. Alexanderson. It took
years for Alexanderson to develop an
alternator capable of transmitting regular
voice transmissions over the Atlantic, but
by 1916 the Fessenden-Alexanderson
alternator was more reliable for
transatlantic communication than the spark
apparatus.
•
1912 - Bankruptcy. Reginald
Fessenden's company, National Electric
Signaling Company (NESC), went
bankrupt.
• 1912 - Monetary
award - Fessenden in 1912 was awarded
$406,175 in the United States District
Court at Boston in a suit against the
National Electric Signalling
Company.
• •
The award was
not only the largest ever given up to that
time in Massachusetts, but was notable in
bringing out the history of the Boston
inventor's pioneer work in wireless
telegraph and telephony
• 1913 - U.S. Patent 1059665,
Fessenden "Wireless Telegraphy" (antenna
tuning) Granted April 22, 1913.
• 1914 - At the outbreak of
World War I, Fessenden volunteered his
services to Canada, went to London, and
developed a device to detect enemy
artillery and another to locate enemy
submarines. But the military bureaucracy
was not interested in pursuing many of his
ideas.
• 1914 - U.S. Patent 1108895,
Fessenden "Signaling by Sound and Other
Longitudinal Elastic Impulses" Granted
Sept. 1, 1914.
• 1915 - Fessenden departed
England and returned to Boston and
perfected his ocean depth device
which he called
the fathometer, a sonar device used to
determine the depth of water for a
submerged object by means of sound waves.
This
invention gave him enough financial
security to live comfortably and spend
summers visiting friends and relatives in
Canada.
•
•
Fessenden won
the Scientific American's Gold Medal for
his fathometer in 1929.
•
1915 - U.S. Patent 1147010, Fessenden
"Improvements in Wireless Telegraphy"
Granted July 20, 1915.
• 1926 - U.S. Patent 1576735,
Fessenden "Infusor" (for making tea)
Granted March 16, 1926.
•
1925 - Fessenden's filed suit for
$60,000,000 against the Radio Corporation
of America, The American Telephone &
Telegraph Company, the General Electric
Company, the Westinghouse Electric and
Manufacturing Company, the Western
Electric Company Inc, the International
Radio Telegraph Company, the United Fruit
Company and the wireless Specialty
Appliance Company.
His contempt for the leaders of
"Big Business" and their methods is
well-known. He has yet to back down in a
fight with Wall Street, of which he has
had quite a few.
•
1927 -
Between 1927 and 1935, 52
different inventions in electricity were
introduced to the company by Hassan Kamel
Al-Sabbah.
•
1928 - Fessenden settles for
$2,5000,000 with the Radio Corporation and
the rest of the organizations listed in
the suit of December, 1925.•
•
•The
Institute of Radio Engineers presented him
with its Medal of Honor, and Philadelphia
awarded him a medal and a cash prize for
"One whose labors had been of great
benefit."
•
1929 - Fessenden
won Scientific American's Gold Medal
for
the fathometer
• 1932 - Reginald Fessenden
died at his
vacation home by the sea
in
Hamilton, Bermuda on July 22, 1932, four
years after settling a law suit against
his former bosses, GE and RCA for
$2.5-milliion. He
was interred in the cemetery of St Mark's
Church on the island.
•
•
On the stone lintel acros His grave
there contains the paean:
•
•
"By his genius distant lands
converse and men sail unafraid upon the
deep."
•
1986 - Reginald Aubrey
Fessenden was inducted posthumously into
the CAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame. No
Canadian more deservedly could have been
accorded this recognition.
03
•
PATENTS AND LAWSUITS - 1896 to 1928, and
Fessenden's improvements on Wireless
Telephone™, EXCERPTS -
•
1900 - U.S.
Patent 644972, Fessenden "Induction
Coil for X-ray Apparatus" Filed March 10,
1897, Granted March 6,
1900.
CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1900 - U.S. Patent 648660, Fessenden
"X-ray Apparatus" Granted May 1,
1900. CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
0•
1900 - U.S. Patent 654390, Fessenden
"Induction-coil" Granted July 24,
1900. CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
• 1902 - after a squabble over
patent rights Fessenden resigned from the
United States Weather Bureau.
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706740, Fessenden
"Wireless Signaling" (heterodyne
principle) Filed Sept. 20, 1901, Granted
August 12, 1902.
CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706741, Fessenden
"Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy"
(compressed air spark gap transmitter)
Filed Nov. 1901, Granted Aug. 12, 1902.
CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706742, Fessenden
"Wireless Signaling",
(transmit-receive switch) Filed June 1900,
Granted Aug. 12, 1902.
CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706744, Fessenden
"Current Actuated Wave Responsive
Device" ("barretter" detector) Granted
Filed July 1, 1902, Granted August 12,
1902. CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706745, Fessenden
"Signaling by Electromagnetic Waves"
Filed July 1, 1902, Granted August 12,
1902. CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706746, Fessenden
"Signaling by Electromagnetic Waves"
(ground plane) Granted August 12, 1902.
CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 706747, Fessenden
"Apparatus for Signaling by
Electromagnetic Waves" (voice modulation
of 50 kHz alternator -- continuous wave
transmitter) Granted August 12, 1902.
CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1902 - U.S. Patent 715203, Fessenden
"Selective Signaling by
Electromagnetic Waves" (multiplex
transmission and reception) Granted Dec.
2, 1902.
CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
•
1903 - U.S. Patent 727327, Fessenden
"Receiver for Electromagnetic Waves"
Filed Sept. 27, 1902, Granted May,
1903. CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
