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106 The NBS
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Challenges USPTO
Ruling.1
101 NBS Wireless Telephone.Org
Challenges 101
106NBS-More02ChallengesUSPTO /
"Defending the Source-Identifier
Demonstrations, and ServiceMark
creations from 1898 to 2011, is
easy, it's about both History
&
Fees."
102NBS-More02ChallengesUSPTO
102WIRELESS
TELEPHONE Industrial School of
Arts & Sciences -
1902 102WIRELESS
TELEPHONE Industrial School of
Arts & Sciences - 1902 03.
102-1902-Wireless
Telephony
Demonstration-Washington,
D.C: 04
102The Kingsbury Commitment
1913
/
The Kingsbury
Commitment of 1913 formalized
AT&T's monopoly. The Bell
System and Independent telephone
companies reduced competition out
of concern for government
intervention. The government had
been increasingly worried that
AT&T and the other Bell
Companies were monopolizing the
industry.
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The
"Wireless
Telephone®©"
TimeLine -- 1902 to
2011
106 Wireless TelephoneUSPTO
the $-21Billion
Question
106NBS-More02 Challenges USPTO
History &
Fees
102NBS-More02 Challenges USPTO
History &
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102NBS-More02ChallengesUSPTO/"Defending
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102WIRELESS TELEPHONE Industrial
School of Arts & Sciences -
1902
102-1902-Wireless Telephony
Demonstration-Washington,
D.C
102The Kingsbury Commitment
1913
106The Kingsbury
Commitment
1913
102AT&T-1992: Wireless-Data
Alliances unveiled by
AT&T
102NBS-More02 Challenges USPTO
History & Fees
The Politics of Washington D.C.
has rarely seen a
SmartDaafBoys.com photo or NBS
documentary it didn't like. Ever
since Nathan B. Stubblefield
bombarded music and voices into
the air around and over the
Potomac River in 1902, the users
of today's smartphone have been
most willing to put up with his
WiMax187 cellphone towers, and
paying the $90.00 per month phone
bill. Even with the massive
on-line traffic jam vista that go
along with a Google smartphone,
searching PhoneNumber.com for
NBS100.com's latest SinTrends.com
News, doesn't seem to bother the
User . . . yet."
But that was before the
American 100-year-old media
company -
- came
forward with it's $21-Billion US
dollars in charges to its TeleCom
users, and its plan to file its
September 2010, USPTO
Applications; the $-Billion NBS,
"Wireless
Telephone®©"
TradeMark upgrade, and Patent
pending status for it's unique
WiTEL Global Stubbyte ID Theft
System.
Based on the newly activated
FTC's Red Flags
Anti-ID
theft Rules
--
as of June, 2010, "the NBS
Wireless
Telephone®©
will become the $-Billion iconic
ServiceMark Organization which
people worldwide will want to be
part of -- because of its
"separate and distinct" WiFi-187
coolness," says "MARK" Anderson,
the CEO of the PSI group. The
short name for the 104-year-old
"company" and its U.S. trademark
is WiTEL®©. The
global ® www names are:
WiTel.com, WiMax187.com, and
WirelessTelephone.Org. All are
ICANN registries.
The by-product, "the ABCees" of
WiTEL, (compona elements, and
effects) created by the arts and
science established the distinct
and separate components of
today's Wireless
Telephone®© --
have long dominated the thoughts
and actions of many American
companies. Bill Gates, and Paul
Allen of Microsoft; Steve Jobs of
Apple; and Larry Page and Sergey
Brin of Google are a few of those
Americans who earned $Billions.
But that has started to change.
China has Baidu.com, and Germany
has Google.de.
Imagine,
explains Troy Cory-Stubblefiield
-- "the USPTO" finally
telephoned."
The unexpected "generic" move
took place when they set the 20th
day of January for a telephonic
meeting with the principals of
the WirelessTelephoneOrg. Their
intentions? "To explain the
reasons, as to why they should,
or should not decline the
granting of our "104-year-old
Wireless
Telephone®©
trademark and logo."
During the
course of the telephonic meeting
--
"it was quite
obvious I wasn't talking to WITEL
achievers like, Steve Jobs or
Larry Page of Apple or Google,"
said Troy. Each one of the three
USPTO examining attorneys, Aneeta
Jordan, John Lincoski, and
Nicholas A. Coleman, expressed
their desires to take away the
art and science, and monetary
authority the Wireless
Telephone®©
TradeMark provided NBS.
The existing 104-year-old NBS
TradeMark could become extinct,
only if and when . . . by
enacting their "generic
phraseology theory." Anderson
explains their theory would in
essence -- "jeopardize NBS's
current $21-Billions of Dollars
in revenue receivables, by
USPTO's name seizure."
Were they
exceeding their USPTO authority?
--
"We believe, they were" said
Charles Portz, the lead attorney
for the WirelessTelephoneOrg
®©. "Not only does
their assertion of authority go
well beyond any authority
provided by Congress, but the
USPTO theory would jeopardize NBS
WirelessTelephoneOrg's
collections of over $21-Billion
in revenue.
A negative decision could, and
would completely destroy the
separate distinct art, and
science by U.S. innovators, and
the loss of the trademark
"Wireless Telephone" owned by the
Wireless Telephone Organization,
(WirelessTelephone.Org) --
since 1902, would create an
uncertainty, and weakness within
the U.S. communications, iPhone,
and iPhone, CellPhone industry,
and doubt in the minds of
existing iPhone, and/or CellPhone
Users."
CLICK FOR MORE IN SECTION 3
BELOW.
CLICK
FOR MORE USPTO 101 S90
STORY.
///
"But
let's not become to generous!"
says Charles Portz, the
WirelessTelephoneOrg's lead
counsel. "We are confident our
Trademark will be validated, and
if it isn't -- we are prepared to
defend our contentions in any
forum."
CLICK
FOR MORE USPTO 101 S90
STORY
/
CLICK
FOR MORE
1902
STORY
02.
HeadLine
1902
- WIRELESS TELEPHONE Industrial
School of Arts & Sciences ,
Murray, Kentucky, Now Murray
State University.
®©
&
USPTO,
Washington, D.C.
Excerpts
from: Smart Daaf Boys,
Stubblefield's 1993 "All-in-One
Radio/Television & Desk Top
Almanac
Encyclopedia-Dictionary.
(456 Pages )
ISBN No.
10883644-04-6Library of Congress
Catalog Number
93-060451Volume IV, A Source
Book for Comminications
Executives & Researchers
Copyright 1993: By Telvision
International Publishing (TVI
Publishing)
:
-
In January 1902, Stubblefield
agreed to participate in the
commercial exploitation of his
device by Fennell's Philadelphia
Group that purportedly included
Westinghouse. Incorporation
papers for the Wireless Telephone
Company of America were filed in
Prescott, Arizona, on May 22,
1902. Stubblefield was a
director, but held no office. The
Washington and Philadelphia
demonstrations maintained the
momentum needed to sell stock in
the new company. A four page
prospectus, extolling the
investment opportunity in
Wireless Telephone Company of
America compared the Stubblefield
device with Marconi's wireless
telegraphy system by stating that
both systems utilized "... for
transmission what are termed
Hertzian electrical wave currents
..." The technical details were
not disclosed since the
prospectus was designed to sell
stock, and perhaps deliberately
avoided specific evidence on the
points of comparison or contrast.
The use of steel rods thrust into
the ground, the large circular
coils and the copper antenna
wires attached to the masts on
the steamer Bartholdi and on
rooftops indicate that
Stubblefield's 1892, 1893 and
1902 systems were based upon
Stubblefield's earth grounded
induction-antenna principle, in
which we now call, AM radio.
Stubblefield insisted that a more
"powerful" apparatus would
"transmit" unlimited distances.
The U.S. Navies ELF project in
Clam Flats, Wisconsin is based on
Stubblefield's basic
induction-antenna device.
Wireless
Telephone: 1898: Patent
For Electrolyte Battery and
Detector for Radio Signal
(wireless telephone) Issued
600,457.
{19/Gx}
wireless
- (1) A British term for
radio.
(2) Used in the United States, in
the sense of (#1) above, when the
word "radio" might be
misinterpreted (as an example --
a "wireless record player").
{73/RS}
Section
19.
Wireless
Telephony
- The early radiotelephones were
powered by wet-cell,
non-rechargeable batteries. The
telephone at first also used
electricity. Today's radio and
television stations receive their
current from power lines fed by
huge dynamos, some powered by
atomic fission. The increasing
sophistication of power sources,
(solar, cell) parallels the
continued movement toward greater
sophistication in electrical
communication methods.
{01/Gi}
Wireless
Telephony and Stubblefield
-
Nathan B. Stubblefield's
"Wireless Telephony" - ("Radio"):
In addition to the following
listings under "Wireless
Telephony," as well as those
listed above under "Wireless
Signals," also see the section in
this book, under: "Stubblefield,
Nathan B" with the various terms,
definitions, patents issued,
demonstrations, historical facts,
etc., on Nathan B. Stubblefield
(The "Inventor" Of The "Wireless
Telephony" -- The "Radio").
Please See Section 15.
Stubblefield and "Wireless
Telephony" ("Radio").
Also See Radio: Publications
"Broadcast&endash;Industry Trade
Resource/Reference Books" with a
section on Nathan B.
Stubblefield.
Also See Radio: Publications
"Hard&endash;Cover Books" with a
section on Nathan B.
Stubblefield.
Also See Radio: Publications
"Magazines" with a section on
Nathan B. Stubblefield.
{03/Di}
WIRELESS
TELEPHONY and
TELEGRAPH
(1)
RADIO
FREQUENCY
(ra-di--o-fre-quen-cy),
n.
(a). the frequency of the
transmitting waves of a given
radio message or broadcast. (b).
a frequency within the range of
radio transmission, i.e. from
about 15,000 MC to 10 MC
(MegaCycles) per second.
[Note: A MegaCycle means,
"one million cycles" -- so 15,000
MC is equal to 15,000 x
1,000,000, which is
15,000,000,000 cycles per second
(15 billion cycles per second);
and 10 MC is equal to 10 x
1,000,000, which is 10,000,000
cycles per second (10 million
cycles per second).]
(2)
RADIO
(ra-di-o),
n. (a). wireless telegraphy:
sparks or dot&endash;dashes
broadcasted by radio. (b).
telephony: speeches or music
broadcasted by radio. (c). an
apparatus for receiving radio
broadcasts. (d). a message
transmitted by radio.
(3)
BROADCAST
(broad-cast),
v.
To send (messages, speeches,
music, sounds) by radio.
{19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1860: Murray,
Kentucky: Nathan B.
Stubblefield
-
Nathan B. Stubblefield, "The
Inventor Of Radio" (Wireless
Telephony) was born in Murray,
Kentucky in 1860. Stubblefield
died in Murray in 1928, where he
is buried. {19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1885: First
World's Private Wireless (Voice)
Transmission-
Demonstration.
In
1885, Nathan B. Stubblefield,
"The Inventor of Wireless
Telephony" held his First
Demonstration, [which was the
World's First Private
Demonstration of wireless (voice)
transmission on land].
Stubblefield, from Murray,
Kentucky: Patented his invention
in 1898 and also in 1908.
{19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony:
1885:
Stubblefield
demonstration to his friend,
Duncan Holt, the transmission of
voice without wires. Holt stated,
"One Sunday that year
[1885] Stubblefield
invited Holt and his wife out to
his home, where the west boundary
of Murray State College now is.
That afternoon he said to Holt,
"Duncan, I've done it. I've been
able to talk without wires -- all
of 200 yards -- and it'll work
everywhere!" Stubblefield had a
little "experimental station" he
called it, 200 yards away from
the house, and he said he could
talk from there and it could be
heard at the house, or
vise&endash;versa -- and without
wires! At that time, Holt said,
"the Scientific American had
never mentioned the possi bility
in suggestion or otherwise that
speech or intelligent
communication could be
transmitted with out wires.
Stubblefield was the first to
entertain the idea. "{19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1892: First
World's Public Radio
Demonstration
-
In 1892, the World's First Public
Radio Demonstration --
[World's First Public
Demonstration of wireless (voice)
transmission on land] was
held in Murray, Kentucky.
In
the winter of 1892, Nathan B.
Stubblefield made a tremendous ad
vance in his "wireless telephone"
demonstrations, which would make
wireless practi cal over
distances far greater than those
from his experimental home to the
garden, dis tances which would
first encompass the earth and
then reach far out into the
universe and to uni verses
beyond. It was Stubblefield's
great invention of the "wireless
telephone" that helped him
discover the basic principals and
laws of Amplitude Modulation, (AM
Radio).
To
advance his low&endash;frequency
induction system to a space
system, he built an aerial -- an
antenna which he connected to one
side of the carbon mouth piece of
a telephone: (to send a spark
wave; Hertz had merely used a
horizontal rod ending in a
plate.) The aerial was copper
wire wrapped around a cylinder,
or in some cases made into a
loop, that was attached to the
top of a pole (later he used
longer aerials strung along the
top of his family home). He con
nected the other side of the
carbon coil located inside of the
mouthpiece to his electrolyte
water batteries and crystal,
stacked and positioned inside his
secret "black box." Ground wires
from the "black box," then lead
to the metal stakes driven into
the earth. The re ceiver also got
an aerial and ground. {19/Gx}
WIRELESS TELEPHONY: 1892:
Nathan B. Stubblefield
-
In
January, 1892, Nathan B.
Stubblefield demonstrated this
"WIRELESS TELEPHONY" system in
Murray, Kentucky before several
hundred on lookers. A total of
$758.00 was borrowed from friends
and relative to perform this
demonstration. During the same
year, Stubblefield, again
privately, demonstrated to Rainey
T. Wells the ability of his
apparatus to send and receive the
human voice by wireless. After he
had set up his props, the
inventor talked into one box in
rather low tones, and his words
"Can you hear me?" Came out the
other box "quite distinctly and
clearly" as attested to by
witnesses.
Dr.
W. H. Mason, a Murray sur geon
who claimed to be a per sonal
friend and family physician for
Nathan B. Stubblefield, declared
that in the same year he wit
nessed a private demonstration of
the wireless tele phone. Dr.
Mason recalled that on one occa
sion, Nathan B. Stubblefield
handed him a device "housed in
what appeared to be a keg with a
handle on it." The doctor then
followed instructions to walk
down the lane carrying the keg.
He testified that from it he
could hear distinctly "Nathan's
voice and a French harp
(harmonica)" which Nathan was
sending. {19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1895: Dit Dahs
"dots & dashes"- Guglielmo
Marconi
- In
the spring of 1895, what
Nathan
B. Stubblefield did with wireless
voice transmission in 1885,
Guglielmo Marconi did with dots
and dashes. He discovered that he
could send signals over distances
far greater than those from his
villa to the garden -- dis tances
which would travel more than a
mile It was Marconi's great basic
in vention of signal induction --
if, indeed, it was his. Like
Stubblefield, he built an aerial
-- an antenna which he connected
to one side of the spark gap.
(Hertz had merely used a
horizontal rod ending in a
plate.) The aerial was a metal
cylinder atop a pole. He con
nected the other side of the
spark gap to a ground -- at
first, a copper plate ly ing in
the ground. The re ceiver also
got an aerial and ground.
{19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1998:
electrolyte water battery
"Stubblefield, Nathan B" -
1898
The
patent on the Stubblefield
electrolyte water battery, number
600,457, was the device that
provided the energy to produce
the continual subcarrier hum
during Stubblefield's voice
transmission when it was
connected to his "black box" that
contained the electrolytic
crystals that acted as detectors
and modulators. The portable
receiver contained the necessary
detector to receive the voice
broadcast. Stubblefield
advertised that by slightly
modifying the telephone coil, one
could transmit through the ground
for many miles -- the battery
acting as a relay. {19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1898: ground
cell (Stubblefield, Nathan
B.) -
1898:
Stubblefield's
Electrolyte
Water Battery. The patent on the
Stubblefield bat tery, number
600,457, declares in the
specification forming part of the
letters of patent that the
electrical battery has for its
object: to provide a novel and
practical battery for generating
electrical currents of suf
ficient forms for practical uses,
and also pro viding means for
generating not only a constant
pri mary current but also an
induced momentary sec ondary
current.
This
electrical battery is the "ground
cell" or "earth cell" frequently
referred to by Stubblefield in
many of his writings and
interviews. Stubblefield so named
the de vice because when he first
began his experimentation with
it, he would place the device
that he had constructed in the
moist earth of his farm. Then,
when electrical cur rents began
to flow from the device, he
assumed that the engine he had
constructed was tapping the
"natural elec tricity" of the
earth. Note, for example, how he
describes the action of his
electrical battery: This cell de
rived sufficient electrical
energy from the ground in the
vicinity of the spot where it was
buried to run a small motor
continuously for two months and
six days without any attention
whatever. Indeed, the electrical
cur rent was powerful enough to
run a clock and several small
pieces of machinery and to ring a
large gong. By adding a modified
carbon microphone to the
batteries, it creation wireless
voice transmission. {19/Gx}
CLICK FOR MORE USPTO 102 S90
STORY
/
CLICK
FOR MORE 1902
STORY
///
The
First World's Ship to Shore
Radio Wireless (Voice)
Broadcast - January,
1902:
In
1902, the "Worlds First Ship to
Shore Radio Wireless (Voice)
Broadcast" took place. On March
20, 1902, Stubblefield set up a
demonstration on the Potomac
River in Washington, D.C.
Among
the Stubblefield papers is a
record on the printed receipt of
John Cumberland and Sons, Boat
Builders, for the hire of the
steamer Bartholdi, for a four
hour test, costing $25. On this
re ceipt Nathan Stubblefield has
written: "First Marine Wireless
Telephone Demonstration in the
world before the public by Nathan
B. Stubblefield, March 20,
1902."
One
set of telephone equipment was
carried on board the steamer, and
a sister unit kept on the shore.
The Bartholdi was lo cated
midstream just below Georgetown
University. In a picture made of
the steamer showing persons
aboard, the university buildings
are plainly seen in the
background. The wires from the
telephone were dropped into the
water at the stern of the boat.
The sounds of a harmonica played
on shore were distinctly heard on
the three receivers at tached to
the apparatus on the steamer, and
singing, the sound of the human
voice counting numerals, and ordi
nary conversation were audible.
{19/Gx}
Philadelphia
Demonstration (Nathan B.
Stubblefield) - 1902:
Wireless
Telephony: 1902: Belmont Mansion.
Philadelphia
Demonstration. On May 30, 1902,
just a little over two months af
ter this Washington
demonstration, Stubblefield gave
demonstrations of his wireless
telephone in Philadelphia at the
Belmont mansion. Again the
witnesses were newspapermen and
"a few invited guests, that
included Tesla, Westinghouse and
Collins."
The
paper re ported that all who
placed the receiver to their ears
went away con vinced of the
efficacy of the wireless phone. A
pic ture in the Stubblefield
papers shows the Decoration Day
gathering assembled one mile
distant from the instal lation in
the second story of the Belmont
man sion. The ground wire
attached to the receiver is shown
in the fore ground of the
picture. (Bartholdi) Several of
the celebrities present are
named. Professor Edwin J.
Houston, author of many technical
works, of Franklin Institute
attended the Philadelphia
demonstrations. His picture was
taken at this park demonstration.
{19/Gx}
CLICK
FOR MORE 102-S90
STORY
/
CLICK
FOR MORE 1902
STORY
Wireless
Telephony: 1902: Courthouse
Square, Radio Demonstration
(Nathan B. Stubblefield) -
1902:
January
1. On this day, Stubblefield
again demonstrated his radio as
he did in 1892, but this time,
with 5 listening stations and
before a crowd of about a
thousand persons in the
courthouse square at Murray.
Newspaper reported that he
established five "listening"
stations in various parts of
town, the furthest [sic]
six blocks distant from the
transmitter. Then Mr.
Stubblefield's son took his place
at the transmitter and talked in
a tone of voice such as is
ordinarily used in telephoning.
Bernard whispered, whistled, and
played a large harmonica.
Simultaneously everyone on the re
ceivers heard him with remarkable
distinctness. And at that moment,
Stubblefield became a prophet
with honor in his own country.
{19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1906:
continuous radio wave -
1906:
Reginald
Fessenden. Immediately after
Stubblefield's 1902
demonstrations in Washington,
Reginald Fessenden hit upon the
idea that a voice carried on a
low-frequency wave could be
modulated to be carried upon a
high frequency continuous radio
wave. On Christmas Eve 1906,
startled wireless operators heard
Fessenden's voice as far away as
the East Indies, using his noisy
100,000 volt alternating
generator to carry voice.
{19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony:
1906:
Voice
added to Continuous Radio wave:
Fessenden - Sometime between 1901
and 1906, Reginald Fessenden hit
upon the idea that a voice could
be modulated to be carried upon a
continuous radio wave. On
Christmas Eve 1906, startled
wireless operators heard
Fessenden's voice as far away as
the East Indies, using his noisy
alternating generator to carry
voice. {19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1908: Radio
Patent #887,357 -
1908:
Stubblefield's
radio, "Wireless Telephony,
received a patent, number
887,357. His patent describes his
radio system as devices that
would transmit and receive
broadcast in any moving vehicle,
either from ship to shore,
horseless carriages, and
locomotive. Today of course, any
moving vehicle would include,
airplanes, rockets, cellular
telephones, automobiles and even
satellites. {19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1911: De
Forest, Lee "radio transmission,
voiceless"
- Lee De Forest's invention of
the vacuum tube provided the
basis for modern radio
transmission in 1911. The
original De Forest "triode tube"
or audion did not transmit voice.
{19/Gx}
The
Kingsbury Commitment
1913
/
The
Kingsbury Commitment of 1913
formalized AT&T's monopoly.
The Bell System and Independent
telephone companies reduced
competition out of concern for
government intervention. The
government had been increasingly
worried that AT&T and the
other Bell Companies were
monopolizing the
industry.
Under
Theodore N. Vail from 1907
AT&T had bought
Bell-associated companies and
organized them into new
hierarchies. AT&T had also
acquired many of the
independents, and bought control
of Western Union, giving it a
monopolistic position in both
telephone and telegraph
communication. A key strategy was
to refuse to connect its long
distance network --
technologically, by far the
finest and most extensive in the
land -- with local independent
carriers. Without the prospect of
long distance services, the
market position of many
independents became untenable.
Vail stated that there should be
"one policy, one system
[AT&T's] and
universal service, no collection
of separate companies could give
the public the service that
[the] Bell... system
could
give."
AT&T's
strategies prompted complaints
and attracted the attention of
the Justice Department. Faced
with a government investigation
for antitrust violations,
AT&T entered into
negotiations. CLICK
FOR MORE
BYLINES.
Wireless
Telephony: 1913: amplifier -
1913:
Lee
De Forest perfected his Audion as
an amplifier, and in 1913 sold
rights to it as a tele phonic
relay to a lawyer named Meyers
for $50,000. Meyers turned out to
be a front for none other than
the American Telephone and
Telegraph Company. AT&T had
been prepared to pay half a
million if it had to. It wasn't
until the end of 1913 that De
Forest discov ered that the
Audion could be used for voice
transmis sion. Now the Audion
bulb -- the vacuum tube -- was a
detector, an am plifier, and a
means of transmission. But the
outbreak of World War I caused
all further re search to be
hidden by military se crecy.
{19/Gx}
Wireless:
1913:
Alexandersen
Radio Receiver -
1913.
Radio
receiver (tuner),
Alexandersen.{19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1918:
Alexanderson's alternator:
Congress Bill Legislation
-
In
1918, two bills were introduced
in Congress that were indirectly
designed to bring wireless under
control and to retain American
control over Alexanderson's
alternator.
Please
See Congress Bills on Wireless
Telephony. {19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony:
1918:
The
name Radio is first used"RCA"
(Radio Corporation of
America)
-
In 1918, soon after the war,
AT&T, Westinghouse, and
General Electric pooled their
patent rights and formed RCA
(Radio Corporation of America):
which then bought out the
American Marconi Company.
Broadcasting started from
Westinghouse's experimental
station, KDKA, in Pittsburgh.
{19/Gx}
Wireless:
1918: Alexanderson
Alternator: Congress Bill
Legislation on Wireless
Telephony
-
In
1918, two bills were introduced
in Congress that were indirectly
designed to bring wireless under
control and to retain American
control over Alexanderson's
alternator.
Please
See Congress Bills on Wireless
Telephony. {19/Gx}
Wireless:
1920: broadcast transmitter:
Fessenden/Poulson
-1903:
HF (sound) broadcast transmitter,
Fessenden/Poulson.Patent Expires
June 1920. {19/Gx
Wireless:
1929: Armstrong - FM broadcast
transmission path
-
1929:
Armstrong, FM broadcast
transmission path. {19/Gx}
Wireless
Telephony: 1930-42: World
War II: Radio/Television
broadcasts
-
During this period, television
experimentation continued, and by
1930, a handful of experimental
stations were on the air. Both
the BBC and RCA began
broadcasting on a regular
schedule in 1936, but World War
II interrupted progress. Radio
was the undisputed entertainment
king until after the war, when
television came into its own,
broadcasting a mix of live drama,
variety, and news programing.
{19/Gx}
///
Under
Theodore N. Vail from 1907
AT&T had bought
Bell-associated companies and
organized them into new
hierarchies. AT&T had also
acquired many of the
independents, and bought control
of Western Union, giving it a
monopolistic position in both
telephone and telegraph
communication. A key strategy was
to refuse to connect its long
distance network --
technologically, by far the
finest and most extensive in the
land -- with local independent
carriers. Without the prospect of
long distance services, the
market position of many
independents became untenable.
Vail stated that there should be
"one policy, one system
[AT&T's] and
universal service, no collection
of separate companies could give
the public the service that
[the] Bell... system
could
give."
AT&T's
strategies prompted complaints
and attracted the attention of
the Justice Department. Faced
with a government investigation
for antitrust violations,
AT&T entered into
negotiations.
In
the Kingsbury Commitment,
actually a letter from AT&T
Vice President Nathan Kingsbury
of December 19, AT&T agreed
with the Attorney General to
divest itself of Western Union,
to provide long distance services
to independent exchanges under
certain conditions and to refrain
from acquisitions if the
Interstate Commerce Commission
objected.
The
Commitment did not settle all the
differences between independents
and Bell companies and averted
the federal takeover many had
expected. However the Commitment
played into AT&T's hands -
the company was allowed to buy
market-share, as long as it sold
an equal number of phones.
Critically, while with the
Kingsbury Commitment, AT&T
agreed to connect its long
distance service to independent
local carriers, it did not agree
to interconnect its local
services with other local
providers. Nor did AT&T agree
to any interconnection with
independent long distance
carriers.
Consequently,
AT&T was able to consolidate
its control over both the most
profitable urban markets and long
distance traffic. Between 1921
and 1934, the ICC approved 271 of
the 274 purchase requests of
AT&T.
The
entire network was nationalized
during World War I from June 1918
to July 1919. Following
re-privatization, AT&T
resumed its near-monopoly
position. In 1934, the government
acted to set AT&T up as a
regulated monopoly under the
jurisdiction of the Federal
Communications Commission. This
was maintained until AT&T's
divestiture in 1984.
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ByLines
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ATT
/
102AT&T-1992:
Wireless-Data Alliances unveiled
by
AT&T
-
On Monday, November 16, 1992,
American Telephone &
Telegraph Co. announced alliances
in the U.S. and Japan,
leapfrogging computer makers in
the race to deliver wireless data
services and equipment to
millions of customers. According
to analysts and individuals
familiar with AT&Ts plans;
the moves -- including an
agreement by three of Japan's
leading consumer electronics
manufactures, to back its
technology -- should hasten
development of the market. These
three Japanese titans include,
Matsushita Electric Industrial
Co., NEC Corp., and Toshiba Corp.
The new communicators will help
create an industry that is
expected to outpace the
fast&endash;growing cellular
phone market and even rival the
personal computer business some
day.
The
tiny communicators will use a pen
instead of a keyboard and allow
consumers to scribble and send
each other messages, fetch files,
check a Rolodex and even make a
telephone call, if their unit
includes a phone.
AT&T
has bet billions on this wireless
future, including tens of
millions of dollars developing an
electronic chip, called Hobbit,
that will work with the new
equipment. It has also provided
millions of dollars in seed money
for several companies that are
supplying the new market. And to
help capture traffic from such
machines, AT&T recently
announced a $3.73 billion
investment in McCaw Cellular
Communications Inc., a national
provider of phone service.
AT&T
is trying to control wireless
from soup to nuts - as they have
hooked up with the largest U.S.
cellular carrier, McCaw, and they
even want to control the brains
in these communications sets.
{03/Di}
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