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" top top top NBS100 TELECOM
STUDY - "G" (You
MAY need the FREE
QuickTime
plug-in to view and hear
s90tv) NBS100
TELECOM STUDY - "G" The
Communication Act of 1996 -
Regulatory
Missteps With
No Borders
110 / HiTech This
Week's
Cover Dear
Editor LookRadio Follow
The
Money 120
PIXELS 3
columns
A BRIEF HISTORY and
Timeline OF TELECOM REGULATION
and PATENT CONSTRAINTS. 1887
-
The
United States Interstate Commerce
Act
///
///
As can be seen, the
principal problem of wireless and
land-line networking, is the
regulatory seizure of private
property, MORE
STORY - NBS100f
Exhibit "F" / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY /
The NBS100
Report // ByLine
/ Source
of Study
The Early Years Alexander Graham
Bell patented the telephone on
March 7, 1876. During the course
of the next 20 years, the average
number of daily calls per 1,000
population grew relatively
slowly, from four to 37.
*
06
Nathan
B. Stubblefield's,
Mechanical Telephone Patent No.
378,183, February 21,
1888.
Click to Go To US Patent
Office -- then Click Full Text to
refresh page, serviced
over 38 locals in Murray,
Kentucky. State by State
franchises for telephone rights
or territorial deeds were sold in
various parts of the United
States. By 1889, his telephone
system tied into the Bell system.
(See
NBS100
Timeline) /// Section
- Study A: / "NBS100J"
/ PCI STUDY: CROSSED LINES:
Regulatory
Missteps /// Respectfully
Submitted ©2005
SMART90.COM Designed For
Explorer36+704/740
The Communication Act of 1996
NBS100
FTC STUDY - THE Red Flags
Rule
"ID
Theft Prevention" - for the WiTEL®©
Industry"
Study
of FCC
Summary
Gov.
Control
Legal
Opinions
Acknowledgments
"Wireless"
=
Television
With No Borders / We Preserve The
Moment
This NBS100 report attempts to
demonstrate the primary factor in
America's lowly ranking in the
deployment of advanced
technologies and the reason why
NBS100 claims for monetary
damages for the regulatory
seizure of Stubblefield's
frequencies, that took place in
1908. Absent reform, telecom
policies that inhibit investment
and innovation will continue to
undermine job creation and
economic growth, while inducing
businesses to locate
abroad.
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Amazon
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Congress intended to modernize
the nation's networks with
passage of the Telecommunications
Act of 1996. But through a series
of missteps by state and federal
regulators, the Act devolved into
one of the worst examples of
corporate welfare and regulatory
abuse in recent times.
In principle, the practice of
forcing the "Baby Bells" and
other so-called incumbent phone
companies to share their wire
line facilities with rivals at
government-set rates, dubbed
"forced access," has inhibited
investment in new, more modern
and competitive networks. In no
other state is this regulatory
debacle more apparent than
California, which can ill afford
continued losses in the telecom
sector.
This report utilizes a Timeline
of regulatory
enactments to examine the
developments leading up to the
passage of the 1996 Telecom Act,
the effects of forced access in
California, and the Challenges
facing the telecom industry at a
time of unprecedented regulatory
uncertainty. Recommendations to
lead lawmakers out of the
forced-access
morass are proposed.
T
For
more than a decade practitioners
have relied on A Legislative
History of the Communications Act
(Oxford University Press 1989) to
tease modern meaning out of the
aging provisions of the
Communications Act of 1934, which
itself had origins in the
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
and the Radio Act of 1927 -
established
by
an Act
of
CONGRESS.
The
United States Interstate Commerce
Act of 1887 was created the
Interstate Commerce Commission.
The members of the commission
were appointed by the President
with the consent of the Senate.
This was the first of the
so-called Fourth Branch agencies.
Its aim was to regulate surface
transportation (initially
railroads, later trucking), to
ensure fair prices and regulate
other aspects of the conduct of
common carriers. The Interstate
Commerce Commission started in
trouble, since the ICC was given
a mandate to manage interstate
commerce, but was not authorized
to enforce the law. The ICC
started as a regulatory body
without power, basically. The
ICC's powers were expanded by
subsequent
laws.
Its
creation was a result of the 1886
United States Supreme Court case
of Wabash, St. Louis &
Pacific Railroad Company v.
Illinois.
The
act was signed into law by
President Grover
Cleveland.
Between
1910 and 1934, the ICC also had
the power to regulate interstate
telephone services, although it
did little to exercise this
power. Under the Communications
Act of 1934, this authority was
transferred to a new Federal
Communications
Commission.
The
Interstate Commerce Commission is
often cited as a classic example
in which an agency intended to
protect consumers is "captured"
by the industry that it intended
to regulate. The Commission was
accused of acting in the
interests of the trucking
industry by causing prices to be
set at artificially high levels
and by using regulation to
prevent new entrants from
competing.
It
was replaced by the Surface
Transportation Board in 1995,
after losing much of its strength
due
1913
- Kingsbury Commitment -1913
(An
Agreement Between AT&T and
the U.S. Attorney General)
The
Kingsbury Commitment of 1913
marked the beginning of AT&Ts
monopoly. The Bell System and
independent telephone operators
reduced competition out of
concern for government
intervention. The government had
been increasingly worried that
AT&T and the other Bell
Companies were monopolizing the
industry.
Under
Theodore N. Vail from 1907
AT&T had bought
Bell-associated companies and
organized them into new
hierarchies. AT&T had also
acquired many of the
independents, and bought control
of Western Union, giving it a
monopolistic position in both
telephone and telegraph
communication. It is also
credited with using almost
illegal methods to eliminate
competition. Vail stated that
there should be "one policy, one
system (AT&T's) and universal
service, no collection of
separate companies could give the
public the service that
[the] Bell... system
could give." Faced with a
government investigation for
antitrust violations AT&T had
to act.
In
the Kingsbury Commitment,
actually a letter from AT&T
VP Nathan Kingsbury of December
9, AT&T agreed with the
Attorney General to divest itself
of Western Union, to provide
long-distance services to
independent exchanges under
certain conditions and to refrain
from acquisitions if the
Interstate Commerce Commission
objected.
The
Commitment did not settle all the
differences between independents
and Bell companies and averted
the federal takeover many had
expected. However the Commitment
played into AT&T's hands -
the company was allowed to buy
market-share, as long as it sold
an equal number of phones. So
AT&T was able to consolidate
its hold on the most profitable
urban markets, and
interconnection only strengthened
its hand in long-distance
traffic. Between 1921 and 1934
the ICC approved 271 of the 274
purchase requests of AT&T.
The
entire network was nationalised
during World
War I from June 1918 to July
1919.
Following re-privatization,
AT&T resumed its
near-monopoly position. In 1934,
the government acted to set
AT&T up as a regulated
monopoly under the jurisdiction
of the Federal Communications
Commission. This
was maintained until AT&T's
forced divestiture in
1984.
See
also: Hall Memorandum , United
States Telephone Association ,
Sherman Antitrust Act, Willis
Graham Act ,
///
1927
- Federal Radio
Commission
The
Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
was a government body that
regulated radio broadcasts in the
United States from its creation
in 1927 until its replacement by
the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) in 1935. The
Commission was created to license
broadcasters and reduce radio
interference, a benefit to both
the broadcasters and the public.
The Radio Act of 1927 superseded
the Radio Act of 1912 , which had
given regulatory powers over
radio communication to the
Secretary of Commerce and Labor.
The Radio Act of 1912 did not
mention broadcasting and limited
all private radio communications
to what is now the AM band.
The
Radio Act of 1927
The
Radio Act of 1927 (signed into
law February 23, 1927) made
almost no mention of the radio
networks that were in the process
of dominating radio. The only
mention of radio networks was
vague: The Commission {the
Federal Radio Commission} shall
"Have the authority to make
special regulations applicable to
stations engaged in chain
broadcasting." Advertising was
mentioned in the act with only
slightly more authority than
networking; merely requiring
advertisers to identify
themselves: "All matter broadcast
by any radio station for which
service, money, or any other
valuable consideration is
directly paid, or promised to, or
charged to, or accepted by, the
station so broadcasting, from any
person, firm, company, or
corporation, shall at the time
the same is so broadcast, be
announced as paid for or
furnished as the case may be, by
such person, firm, company, or
corporation."
The
act did not authorize the Federal
Radio Commission to make any
rules regulating advertising. The
content of any programming could
not have "obscene, indecent, or
profane language." Otherwise
anything could be programmed,
though the Federal Radio
Commission could take into
consideration programming when
renewing licenses. A forerunner
of the "equal time rule " was
stated in section (18) of the
Radio Act of 1927 which ordered
stations to give equal
opportunities for political
candidates. The act did vest in
the Federal Radio Commission the
power to revoke licences and give
fines for violations of the act.
The
Radio Act of 1927 divided the
country into five zones. Each was
to have one person to be on the
commission. The Davis amendment
to the act required that each
zone was to have equitable
allocations of licenses, time of
operation, station power, and
wavelength. This greatly
complicated things for the
commissioners; e.g. the northeast
had a greater population than the
southwest, thus a greater need,
but it still had to have as many
stations as the southwest.
On
February 25, 1928 Charles Jenkins
Laboratories of Washington, DC
became the first holder of a
television license from the
Federal Radio Commission.
Formation
of the Commission
President
Calvin Coolidge nominated five
men to the commission: Admiral
W.H.G. Bullard as chairman,
Colonel John F. Dillon , Eugene
O. Sykes, Henry A. Bellows , and
Orestes H. Caldwell .
The
first three were confirmed by the
Senate and the first two died
soon afterward. Bellows and
Caldwell didn't receive salaries,
but stayed on anyway. These three
did conduct a badly needed
reallocation of frequencies. In
October Bellows left the
commission to return to
Minneapolis where he had been a
broadcaster. In November 1927
Harold Lafount and Sam Pickard
joined the commission. In March
1928 Caldwell was barely
confirmed and Ira Robinson became
chairman, the commission was
finally complete.
Radio
Licensing
In
the spring of 1928, the
commissoners made drastic
reallocations and told 164
stations to justify their
existence or be forced to stop
broadcasting. Eighty-one stations
did survive, most with reduced
power. Educational stations
didn't fare very well. They were
usually required to share
frequencies with commercial
stations and operate during the
daytime, which was considered
worthless for adult education.
KFKB
Milford, Kansas had been renewed
several times by the Federal
Radio Commission. It was the most
popular station in the nation.
KFKB was owned by a "surgeon"
who, among other things,
espoused, over the airwaves, goat
glands as a cure for various
illnesses. The American Medical
Association was very upset over
his prescriptions, so in 1930 the
Federal Radio Commission denied
his request for renewal. Dr. John
Brinkley , the "surgeon",
appealed on the grounds of
censorship. The U.S. Court of
Appeals denied his appeal. The
court ruled that the Federal
Radio Commission could consider
past programming content without
it being censorship. This,
however, didn't stop the
ever-popular Dr. Brinkley, who
almost won the governorship of
Kansas in 1928 by write-in votes.
He simply beamed his programs to
the United States over 100,000
watt XER Mexico. This was twice
the power of any broadcast radio
station save one experimental
500,000 watt station WLW
Cincinnati.
WNYC,
the municipal station of New York
City, was assigned a part-time,
low-power channel. It appealed
and lost. Even though the station
was government owned, the Federal
Radio Commission said that city
ownership did not give the
station any special standing
concerning the "public interest,
convenience, and necessity." This
was representative of the decline
of public broadcasting. Both
cases asserted the right of the
Federal Radio Commission.
1934
- FCC - Federal Communication
Commission
In
Congress passed the
Communications Act, which
remained unchanged for almost
sixty years. The Federal
Communications Commission,
created by the act replaced the
Federal Radio Commission.
Communications
Act of
1934
- The U.S. Communications Act of
1934 replaced the Federal Radio
Commission with the Federal
Communications Commission.
Before
passage, there was an interesting
debate in Congress. Senators
Robert Wagner of New York and
Henry Hatfield of West Virginia
offered an amendment to the then
proposed Communications Act.
Educators wanted more of radio to
be given to them; they had been
termed a "special interest" by
the Federal Radio Commission and
their stations were forced to
share frequencies. This amendment
would have given 25% of all radio
broadcasting facilities to
non-profit institutions and
organizations. It would also have
allowed these educational
stations to sell advertising in
order to become self-sufficient.
Senator C.C. Dill , a
pro-industry spokesman opposed
this amendment. It would have
meant eliminating numerous
commercial stations, but that is
not what Dill publicly complained
about. He expressed horror over
the advertising. He said there
was too much advertising already.
Not all educators supported the
advertising clause, so a
compromise was struck. The issue
was to be given to the new
Federal Communications Commission
to study and to hold hearings on
and to report back to Congress.
Hatfield and Wagner stuck to
their guns, however, and proposed
the bill anyway, the
Hatfield-Wagner amendment died
and the Communications Act was
passed.
The
Federal Communications Commission
reported back, saying that
commercial stations had ample
time for educational and other
public service programs. The
Commission called for cooperation
between commercial and
educational interests and other
non-profit groups. The educators
lost, but the commercial
broadcasters didn't exactly win;
they had to put on public affairs
programs.
1934
- FCC Federal Communications
Commission
Regulatory
powers
The
Federal Communications Commission
has one major regulatory weapon,
revoking licenses, but short of
that has little leverage over
broadcast stations. It is
reluctant to do this since it
operates in a near vacuum of
information on most of the tens
of thousands of stations whose
licences are renewed every three
years. Broadcast licenses are
supposed to be renewed if the
station meets the "public
interest, convenience, or
necessity."
The
Federal Communications Commission
rarely checks except for some
outstanding reason; burden of
proof would be on the
complainant. Fewer than 1% of
station renewals are not
immediately granted, and only a
small fraction of those are
actually denied.
Note:
Similar authority for regulation
of Federal Government
telecommunications is vested in
the National Telecommunications
and Information Administration
(NTIA).
The Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) is an
independent United States
government agency, created,
directed, and empowered by
Congressional statute.
The
FCC was established by the
Communications Act of 1934 as the
successor to the Federal Radio
Commission and is charged with
regulating all non-Federal
Government use of the radio
spectrum (including radio and
television broadcasting), and all
interstate telecommunications
(wire, satellite and cable) as
well as all international
communications that originate or
terminate in the United States.
The FCC took over wire
communication regulation from the
Interstate Commerce Commission.
The FCC's jurisdiction covers the
50 states, the District of
Columbia, and U.S. possessions.
The
Body of the Organization
The
FCC is directed by five
Commissioners appointed by the
President and confirmed by the
Senate for 5-year terms, except
when filling an unexpired term.
The President designates one of
the Commissioners to serve as
Chairperson. Only three
Commissioners may be members of
the same political party. None of
them can have a financial
interest in any
Commission-related business.
As
the chief executive officer of
the Commission, the Chairman
delegates management and
administrative responsibility to
the Managing Director. The
Commissioners supervise all FCC
activities, delegating
responsibilities to staff units
and Bureaus. The current FCC
Chairman is Michael Powell, son
of former Secretary of State
Colin Powell. The other four
current Commissioners are
Kathleen Abernathy , Michael
Copps , Kevin Martin , and
Jonathon Adelstein .
History
- Report
on Chain Broadcasting
1940
-
In
1940 the Federal Communications
Commission issued the "Report on
Chain Broadcasting." The major
point in the report was the
breakup of NBC (See American
Broadcasting Company), but there
were two other important points.
One was network option time, the
culprit here being CBS. The
report limited the amount of time
during the day, and what times
the networks may broadcast.
Previously a network could demand
any time it wanted from an
affiliate. The second concerned
artist bureaus. The networks
served as both agents and
employees of artists, which was a
conflict of interest the report
rectified.
Allocation
of television stations
The
Federal Communications Commission
assigned television the very high
frequency (VHF) band and gave TV
channels 1 to 13. The 13 channels
could only accommodate 400
stations nationwide and could not
accommodate color in its state of
technology in the early
1940s.
1940
-
In
1944 CBS proposed to convert all
of television to the ultra high
frequency (UHF) band, which would
have solved the frequency and
color problem. There was only one
flaw in the CBS proposal:
everyone else disagreed. In 1945
and 1946 the Federal
Communications Commission held
hearings on the CBS plan. RCA
said CBS wouldn't have its color
system ready for 5&endash;10
years. CBS claimed it would be
ready by the middle of 1947. CBS
also gave a demonstration with a
very high quality picture.
1945
-
In
1945 the Federal Communications
Commission moved FM radio to a
higher frequency. The Federal
Communications Commission also
allowed simulcasting of AM
programs on FM stations.
Regardless of these two
disadvantages, CBS placed its
bets on FM and gave up some TV
applications. CBS had thought TV
would be moved according to its
plan and thus delayed.
Unfortunately for CBS, FM was not
a big moneymaker and TV was. That
year the Federal Communications
Commission set 150 miles as the
minimum distance between TV
stations on the same channel.
1946
-
In
October of 1946 RCA presented a
color system of inferior quality
which was partially compatible
with the present VHF black and
white system.
1947
-
In
March 1947 the Federal
Communications Commission said
CBS would not be ready, and
ordered a continuation of the
present system. RCA promised its
electric color system would be
fully compatible within five
years; in 1947 an adapter was
required to see color programs in
black and white on a black and
white set.
1948
-
There
was interference between TV
stations in 1948 so the Federal
Communications Commission froze
the processing of new
applications for TV stations.
On
September 30, 1948, the day of
the freeze, there were
thirty-seven stations in
twenty-two cities and eighty-six
more were approved. Another three
hundred and three applications
were sent in and not
approved.
After all the approved stations
were constructed, or weren't, the
distribution was as follows: New
York and Los Angeles, seven each;
twenty-four other cities had two
or more stations; most cities had
only one including Houston,
Kansas City, Milwaukee,
Pittsburgh, and St. Louis.
A
total of just sixty-four cities
had television during the freeze,
and only one-hundred-eight
stations were around. The freeze
was for six months only,
initially, and was just for
studying interference problems.
Because of the Korean Police
Action, the freeze wound up being
three and a half years.
During
the freeze, the interference
problem was solved and the
Federal Communications Commission
made a decision on color TV and
UHF. In October of 1950 the
Federal Communications Commission
made a pro-CBS color decision for
the first time.
The
previous RCA decisions were made
while Charles Denny was chairman.
He later resigned in 1947 to
become an RCA vice president and
general counsel. The decision
approved CBS' mechanical spinning
wheel color TV system, now able
to be used on VHF, but still not
compatible with black-and-white
sets.
1951
-
RCA,
with a new compatible system that
was of comparable quality to CBS'
according to TV critics, appealed
all the way to the U.S. Supreme
Court and lost in May 1951, but
its legal action did succeed in
toppling CBS' color TV system, as
during the legal battle, many
more black-and-white television
sets were sold
When CBS did finally start
broadcasting using its color TV
system in mid-1951, most American
television viewers already had
black-and-white receivers that
were incompatible with CBS' color
system. In October of 1951 CBS
was ordered to stop work on color
TV by the National Production
Authority , supposedly to help
the situation in Korea. The
Authority was headed by a
lieutenant of William Paley, the
head of CBS.
1951
-
The
Federal Communications
Commission, under chairman Wayne
Coy, issued its Sixth Report and
Order in early 1952. It
established seventy UHF channels
(14 to 83) providing 1400 new
potential stations. It also set
aside 242 stations for education,
most of them in the UHF band.
The
Commission also added 220 more
VHF stations. VHF was reduced to
12 channels with channel 1 being
given over to other uses and
channels 2&endash;12 being used
solely for TV, this to reduce
interference. This ended the
freeze.
1953
-
In
March of 1953 the House Committee
on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce held hearings on color
TV. RCA and the National
Television Systems Committee ,
NTSC, presented the RCA system.
The NTSC consisted of all of the
major television manufacturers at
the time. On March 25, CBS
president Frank Stanton conceded
it would be "economically
foolish" to pursue its color
system and in effect CBS lost.
On
December 17, 1953, the Federal
Communications Commission
reversed its decision on color
and approved the RCA system.
Ironically, color didn't sell
well. In the first six months of
1954 only 8,000 sets were sold;
compared with 23,000,000 black
and white sets. Westinghouse made
a big, national push and sold
thirty sets nationwide. The sets
were big, expensive and didn't
include UHF.
The
problem was that UHF stations
would not be successful unless
people had UHF tuners, and people
would not voluntarily pay for UHF
tuners unless there were UHF
broadcasters. Of the 165 UHF
stations that went on the air
between 1952 and 1959, 55% went
off the air. Of the UHF stations
on the air, 75% were losing
money. UHF's problems were the
following:
(1)
technical inequality of UHF
stations as compared with VHF
stations;
(2)
intermixture of UHF and VHF
stations in the same market and
the millions of VHF only
receivers;
(3)
the lack of confidence in the
capabilities of and the need for
UHF television. Suggestions of
de-intermixture (making some
cities VHF only and other cities
UHF only) were not adopted,
because most existing sets did
not have UHF capability.
Ultimately the FCC required all
TV sets to have UHF tuners under
the All Channels Act. However
over four decades later, UHF is
still considered inferior to VHF,
despite cable television, and
ratings on VHF channels are
generally higher than on UHF
channels.
The
allocation between VHF and UHF in
the 1950s, and the lack of UHF
tuners is entirely analogous to
the dilemma facing digital
television fifty years later in
the 2000s. The All Channels Act
is again being used to force this
transition, however at
significantly greater cost to the
consumer this time around.
Source:
from Federal Standard 1037C
See
also: concentration of media
ownership, Fairness Doctrine,
frequency assignment, open
spectrum, British equivalent
Ofcom, Mercedes Divide
From
Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia.
ODDBALL
TELECOM STORY
1996
- Telecommunications Act of
1996
-
Telecommunications
Act of
1996
- Telecommunications Act of 1996
is the largest major revision of
the law governing how
communications industries are
regulated in the United States,
since the Communications Act of
1934.
The
industries directly affected by
the law include: over-the-air
television and radio stations,
cable television operators,
satellite broadcasters, wireline
telephone companies (local and
long distance), wireless
telephone companies, and others.
The
general intent of the revision is
summarized, among experts, as
deregulation and promotion of
facility-based competition . Many
agree that the Telecom Act has
not fulfilled those goals well.
Yet there are contradictory
accounts as to how and why it has
failed, what should be done.
Title
V was the Communications Decency
Act, the child protection
portions of which were
subsequently struck down, leaving
the legal protection against
liability for the words of
others.
which
invariably skews investment
incentives. Congress forced
incumbent local telephone
companies to share their
facilities with rivals at
regulated rates. By lawmakers'
reasoning, competitors would need
to establish market share before
they would build independent
facilities with which to
compete.
Congress delegated to the FCC the
authority to determine which
facilities should be shared, and
how various parts of the network,
called "unbundled network
elements" (UNE), as well as the
entire network platform (UNE-P)
would be priced. However,
lawmakers did establish an
eligibility baseline for this
subsidized access. It was not
intended to be an entitlement.
Eligibility was supposed to be
based on whether a competitor
would be "impaired" from
competing if there was denied
access.
Section 251 of the 1996 Act
directs the FCC to "consider, at
a minimum, whether
the
failure to provide access to such
network elements would impair the
ability of the telecommunications
carrier seeking access to provide
the services that it seeks to
offer." (Emphasis added.)
The FCC established a pricing
formula for network elements,
called "Total Element Long- Run
Incremental Cost" (TELRIC), based
on the cost of building and
operating a hypothetical
maximum-efficiency network. The
rates subsequently calculated by
most states cover an irrationally
broad range, and most have proven
to be economically
unsustainable.
See
Introduction - Communication Act
of 1996 Exhibit
"F"
PAGES-2-3FTC
FIGHTING
FRAUD WITH THE RED FLAGS
RULE
A
How-To Guide for Business
As many as nine million
Americans have their identities
stolen each year. Identity
thieves may drain their accounts,
damage their credit, and even
endanger their medical treatment.
The cost to businesses &endash;
left with unpaid bills racked up
by scam artists &endash; can be
staggering, too.
ABOUT
ANTENNAS
--- Have
you ever wondered who first
invented and paid for the cost to
patent "Firewire" and the
"Wireless
Telephone®©'? Did
you ever wonder, when talking
back and forth on a cellular
phone, or when using a wireless
router to connect your lap top to
the internet, what created the
ether or frequency that carries
the voice?
----
If
you are in the wireless business,
(a wireless telephone company,
a Wi-Fi/Wi-Max Broadcasters,
etc.) -- you probably know
the answer . . . and now's the
time to get ready for 2008
--
the 100th
year
-- of the
"Wireless
Telephone®©"
patent.
----
It's
also the year for the Olympic
Games . . . and it could be just
the right time to introduce your
new wireless video telephone,
webcasting "live" sporting events
from Beijing, China!
Just shortly before the Bell
patent was to expire, in 1893,
the world first wireless
telephone was demonstrated in
1892, by Nathan B. Stubblefield.
His wireless telephone worked
along side his own telephone
system, connected to his own
local Murray, Kentucky Telephone
company.
But once the Bell patents did
totally expired in 1894, with no
regulatory constraints, thousands
of competitors, including Nathan
B. Stubblefield, in Murray
Kentucky, began wiring the
nation, with their various
telephone systems and territorial
franchise agreements. The daily
calling average per 1,000 people
increased from 37 in 1895, to 391
in 1910.
In May,
1898,
Stubblefield was issued his -
Wireless Telephone Transmission
Coil Patent that enabled him to
publicly expand his company and
wireless voice transmitter into
the newly discovered WIRELESS
TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH
business. See, United
States Patent No. 600,457,
Granted May 8,
1898.
Click to Go To US Patent
Office -- then Click Full Text to
refresh page.
By
1908, both
Stubblefield
and DeForest were enabled to file
their WT and Radio Patents, that
created the Internet and Wi-Fi
connection. Stubblefield
Received His All Purpose -
Wireless Telephone Patent, Number
887,357
1908
0512 - PATENT:
Click to Go To US Patent
Office -- then Click Full Text to
refresh page. The DeForest
Audion Patent Number Three, #879,
532 Covering The Device As A
Detector - Was Issued On February
18, 1908. (See
NBS100
Timeline)
1896,
could be the starting point for
the 100th anniversary of the
Communication Act of 1996. It
could also be analogized to the
Dot Com era that commenced when
Congress open the door in 1996 to
the Internet. The marketing and
selling of his wireless telephone
stock certificates along with
other companies ran rapid, that
created the big bust of
1911.
Section
- Study B: / "NBS100K"
/ NBS STUDY: Ddiaries - Follow
The Money
Section
- Study C: / "NBS100L"
/ NBS STUDY: LookRadio - Follow
The Money
Section
- Movie Treatment: /
"The
Movie" / NBS Film Treatment: The
Movie - Wireless
Josie
Cory
Publisher/Editor
TVI PUBLISING
We
Preserve The Moment
Yes90
tviNews / NBS100 /
NBS100
TELECOM STUDY - "G" The Communication Act
of 1996 - Regulatory
Missteps
/ Regulatory Seizure of Telcom Property /
Smart90, s90tv, lookradio, tvimagazine,
dv90, vratv, xingtv, Ddiaries, Soulfind,
nbs100, nbstubblefield, congming90,
chinaexpo, vralogo, / Look Radio, China
Expo, Television With No Borders
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