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2006/Images/back.gifYes90/109 Education - SMART90com/ambrosefleming

Ambrose Fleming
is the "A" in "Smart Daaf Boys"
The inventors that put the Pizzazz in Radio Wave.
(Get free copies of Fleming - U.S. Wireless Telephone Patents)

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John Ambrose Fleming
b: November 29, 1849 - d: April 18, 1945)

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John Ambrose Fleming
b: November 29, 1849 - d: April 18, 1945)

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---- Ambrose Fleming is the Inventor of the Thermionic valve. This tube device, was patented on Nov 16th, 1904. Sir John Ambrose Fleming (sometimes also listed as Ambrose J. Fleming), was an English electrical engineer and physicist. He was born John Ambrose Fleming on November 29, 1849 to James and Mary Anne Fleming at Lancaster, Lancashire and baptised on February 11, 1850.
---- When Ambrose was attempting to find a RF detector superior to the coherer, he looked to the experiments he had made with Edison Effect lamps about one year earlier. The Thermionic valve is shown in photo. It is a two-element rectifier based on the "Edison effect"
---- It occurred to him that the special light bulbs made by Edison, and also by Sir Joseph Swan in England, could be used. He applied for the patent for his electron tube, naming it, the oscillation valve. This tube device, was patented on Nov 16th, 1904. At the time, Fleming was still Marconi's chief research developer.
----The tube was the first electronic rectifier of radio waves, and enable the wide spread introduction of commercial radio services. The original Thermionic valve, shown in photo, is a two-element rectifier based on the "Edison effect" which Fleming had worked on some years earlier. . - Continue For More

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1. Feature (Excerpt from)  "The SMART-DAAF BOYS"™
• • Continued from above - The Fleming Oscillation Valve is a diode and as such it rectifies. Alternating current can flow through it in one direction only. Thus, it converts alternating current -- current that flows back and forth -- into direct current -- current that flows in one direction. As useful as the Fleming valve may be, it does not add to the current, it rectifies and detects. A receiver using a Fleming valve is dependent entirely on the electrical energy picked up by its antenna. MORE ABOUT THE NBS ANTENNA
••• Professor Sir John Ambrose Fleming is one of the great men of radio and electronics. His invention of the thermionic valve or vacuum tube could be said to be the beginning of modern electronics. It enabled wireless and later electronics technology to move forward, enabling many, what would now be termed vintage wireless sets to be manufactured. Although the invention of the thermionic valve or vacuum tube is his major claim to fame, he also made many important contributions to the field of electrical machinery.
• Education
••• John Ambrose Fleming was born on 29th November 1849, the eldest of seven children born to a Congregational minister. Although born in Lancaster his family moved to North London where he spent most of his early life. He was educated mainly at University College School on Gower Street in the West End of London. From here he moved on to take his degree also at University College. Although he had to take up a daytime job to finance himself he was still able to gain a first class degree.
••• Having completed his course Fleming took up a teaching post, but felt that he could further himself if he undertook more studies. Accordingly he entered the Royal School of Mines to study Chemistry, but again finance was a problem. To earn some money he took up a teaching post as a science master, and during this time he came across some of Maxwell's work. This fascinated him and he decided to further his career in this direction. So in 1877, Fleming started to study electricity and magnetism at Cambridge. Here he was particularly successful gaining his D.Sc. and then a year later he was elected a fellow by his college.
• At Cambridge
••• Fleming started to lay the foundations of a very successful career during his time at Cambridge. He became a demonstrator, and this gave him the stepping stone to enable him to take up the position of Professor of Physics and Mathematics at the institution that has now become Nottingham University. His time at Nottingham was relatively short, as he took up a position as a consultant to the Edison Telephone Company. This enabled him to see many of Edison's inventions, and he even traveled to the Thomas Edison's Laboratories in the USA. This was to be a crucial event that was to shape the future, although he did not know it at the time. Here he saw a discovery known as the Edison effect. It was found that an evacuated light bulb with a second electrode would allow current to flow from one electrode to the other, but only in one direction.
••• Fleming's long term aim was to be able to return to London. At the time there were no positions in the new and developing science of electrical engineering. Instead the nearest subject was physics. However Fleming was invited to give a series of lectures on electrical engineering at University College London (UCL), the premier college of London University. Then in 1885, he was asked to set up a new department for electrical engineering for which he would be professor. This was the beginning of a long association as he held the chair at UCL for 41 years. It was also a notable first because it was the first department of its sort in the country and it reflected the forward thinking of this world leading university.
••• Fleming greatly enjoyed his time at UCL. He was able to spend time lecturing, he was able to undertake his research and in addition to this he was in London where he wanted to be. He devoted much of his time to work on a variety of aspects of AC machines and he became a leading authority on transformers as well as performing much valuable work on improving the accuracy of AC measurements.
••• As a lecturer he was noted as being fascinating, but it was very difficult to take notes during his lectures. He spoke very fast and did not have any breaks in the lecture to enable people to catch up. He also detested smoking, so it was rather amusing that his office was close to the entrance at UCL where students would come in from outside "wreathed in smoke" and walk straight past his office.
Oscillation Valve
••• In 1899 Fleming became a consultant to the Marconi Company in addition to his duties at UCL. At this time wireless, as it was then known, was still in its infancy and Marconi was continually making an improvement in the distance that could be achieved. In 1901 he succeeded in sending a message across the Atlantic. Fleming became quite absorbed in the subject. He even designed the transmitter that made the first transatlantic transmission. He was also somewhat eccentric and during his experiments with transmitters he would always use the letter V sent in Morse (…-) as the test letter. In fact he became so involved in this work that he would often be heard unconsciously humming the letter V or whistling it between his teeth.
••• Fleming recognized that the major problem preventing vast improvements being made was that of detecting the signals themselves. In these early days the coherer was the main form of detector and it was very insensitive. Fleming devoted his mind to this, and in his quest to make improvements he tried a large number of new ideas to bring the required improvements. However, he was pondering some improvements in October 1904 and had what he later described as a "sudden very happy thought." He instructed G.B. Dyke his assistant to set up an experiment with one of his evacuated bulbs with the additional element, to put his new idea to the test. It worked and it was just a month later on a chilly November morning (16th November 1904), that a former colleague saw him "scudding" down Gower Street in Central London on his way to patent what he termed his "oscillation valve." He called it a valve because it worked in the same way as a fluid valve, allowing a flow only in one direction.
•••••• Shortly after his discovery Fleming wrote to Marconi to tell him of his discovery. In the letter he mentioned that he had not mentioned the idea to anyone as he thought it might be very useful. Little did he know of its importance, although it did not bring any money to the Marconi Company. Any returns from the invention made were used in fighting the legal battles that were to arise later.

Competition
••• The invention of the diode valve or vacuum tube was a revolutionary idea, and put down the foundations for many further inventions. However it had very little impact at first. "Valves" were expensive to make and on top of this other ideas were overtaking him. In less than two years the cat's whisker was produced. This was a very crude form of semiconductor rectifier that consisted of a thin wire positioned on a lump of suitable material (even coal) to produce a point contact rectifier. This was far more convenient than Fleming's diode and it soon caught on.
••• Other people were looking into thermionic or valve technology. Around 1906 the de Forest Company in the USA introduced a device called an Audion. It used the same basic vacuum tube technology as Fleming's diode, but a third electrode had been added. This was called a grid because of the nature of its construction. Initially the Audion vacuum tube was only used for detection of signals, it took another four years before it was used as an amplifier.
••• There was considerable comment in the scientific community regarding whether the Audion was an infringement of Fleming's original idea. Fleming himself never claimed any credit for the introduction of the grid, but did contest the patent infringement of the thermionic technology in the courts. Unfortunately he lost, but many in the scientific community agreed with him.
••• Retirement
••• Fleming remained at University College until 1926, retiring to the quiet seaside town of Sidmouth in Devon. Although he retained the position of his Marconi consultancy almost to the day he died. Then in 1929, just over two years after his retirement he was knighted for the many advances he had made to electrical and electronic engineering.
••• During his retirement, Fleming still took an active interest in many new developments in the electronics world. For fifteen years he was president of the Television Society, often traveling to London for their meetings.
••• He also had many interests outside his work. He had a keen interest in photography and loved walking. He was also a devout Christian, and he often preached at various churches and was once asked to preach at St Martin's in the Fields in Central London. With his advancing age Fleming became increasingly deaf, however he remained active until his death in 1945, at the great age of 95. During his life he achieved a tremendous amount, but it is certain that he will be chiefly remembered for the invention of the thermionic valve
02 / John Ambrose Fleming TimeLine
• 1849 - Ambrose Fleming, was born on November 29th, the eldest of seven children to James, a congregational minister and Mary Anne Fleming, in Lancaster, Lancashire, England.
••• The family moved to North London where he spent most of his early life. He was educated mainly at University College School on Gower Street in the West End of London where he matriculated at the age of sixteen. He had to take up a daytime job to finance himself.
• 1870 - Graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from University College. Following, he entered the Royal School of Mines in London to study Chemistry under supervision of the eminent chemist, Sir Edward Frankland, but again finance was a problem. To earn some money he took up a teaching post as a science master, and during this time he came across some of Maxwell's work.
• 1877 - Fleming started to study electricity and magnetism at Cambridge under professor James Clerk Maxwell. Here he was particularly successful gaining his D.Sc. and then a year later he was elected a fellow by his college.
•••
Fleming took up the position of Professor of Physics and Mathematics at Nottingham University, as a consultant to the Edison Telephone Company, and later the Edison Electric Light Company.
•••
Fleming traveled to the Thomas Edison's Laboratories in the USA. There he saw a discovery known as the Edison effect. It was found that an evacuated light bulb with a second electrode would allow current to flow from one electrode to the other, but only in one direction.
•••
Fleming was invited to give a series of lectures on electrical engineering at University College London (UCL), the premier college of London University.
• 1885 - Sir John Ambrose Fleming was the first head of England's first University Department of Electrical Technology (a few years later to be called Electrical Engineering), formed at UCL Fleming was the founder of the Electrical Engineering Department at UCL, becoming the first Professor of Electrical Technology . This was the beginning of a long association as he held the chair at UCL for 41 years.
• 1892 - Fleming presented an important paper on electrical transformer theory to the Institution of Electrical Engineers in London.
• 1899 - Fleming became a consultant to the Marconi Company in addition to his duties at UCL. At this time wireless, as it was then known, was still in its infancy and Marconi was continually making an improvement in the distance that could be achieved.
• 1899 - he succeeded in sending a message across the Atlantic. Fleming became quite absorbed in the subject. He even designed the transmitter that made the first transatlantic transmission. He was also somewhat eccentric and during his experiments with transmitters he would always use the letter V sent in Morse (…-) as the test letter.
••• Fleming recognized that the major problem preventing vast improvements being made was that of detecting the signals themselves. In these early days the coherer was the main form of detector and it was very insensitive. Fleming devoted his mind to this, and in his quest to make improvements he tried a large number of new ideas to bring the required improvements.
• 1904 - Fleming invents the first tube, the "Fleming Valve", or as he alled it..an Oscillation Valve. His valve is a two element rectifier, made by inserting a metal plate in one of Edison's electric light bulbs.
• 1904 - PATENT - Fleming applied for the patent for his electron tube in November 1904, naming it the oscillation valve. It was also called a thermionic valve, vacuum diode, kenotron, thermionic tube, or Fleming valve.
1904 - PATENT - Fleming's 803,684 Patent Filed "Instrument for Converting Alternating Electric Currents Into Continuous Currents" Filed April 10, 1904, Granted November 7, 1905. CLICK TO VIEW PATENT.
•• 1904 - At the time, Fleming was still Marconi's chief research developer.
• 1905 - PATENT - Fleming's 803,684 Patent Granted "Instrument for Converting Alternating Electric Currents Into Continuous Currents" Filed April 10, 1904, Granted November 7, 1905. CLICK TO VIEW PATENT.
• 1906 - Around 1906 the de Forest Company in the USA introduced a device called an Audion. It used the same basic vacuum tube technology as Fleming's diode, but a third electrode had been added. This was called a grid because of the nature of its construction. Initially the Audion vacuum tube was only used for detection of signals, it took another four years before it was used as an amplifier.
• 1906 - There was considerable comment in the scientific community regarding whether DeForest's Audion was an infringement of copying Fleming's original idea. Fleming himself never claimed any credit for the introduction of the grid, but did contest the patent infringement of the thermionic technology in the courts. Unfortunately he lost, but many in the scientific community agreed with him.
• 1915 - DISCLAIMER: 803,684. John Ambrose Fleming, London, England. Instrument for converting alternating electric currents into continuous currents. Patent dated Nov. 7, 1905. Disclaimer filed November 17, 1915 by the assignee, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America. Enters this disclaimer: "To the combination of elements set forth in Claims 1 to 6, inclusive, and 10 to 15, inclusive, respectively, of said Letters Patent, EXCEPT AS THE SAME ARE USED IN CONNECTION WITH HIGH FREQUENCY ALTERNATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS OR ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS of the order employed in Hertzian wave transmission, and to the words in the specification: 'Whether of low frequency or' at page 2, lines 32 and 33; 'either,' at page 2, line 98; and 'or low frequency alternating currents of,' at pages 2, lines 98 and 99. "Copy of Fleming Patent No. 803,684, dated Nov. 7, 1905, and the above disclaimer may be obtained from the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.
• 1926 - Fleming remained at University College until 1926.
• 1926 - Fleming retired to the quiet seaside town of Sidmouth in Devon. Although he retained the position of his Marconi consultancy almost to the day he died.
• 1929 - just over two years after his retirement he received the Duddell Medal of the Physical Society, and was knighted for the many advances he had made to electrical and electronic engineering,.
• 1931 - MAXWELL'S ETHER THEORY DIES - November, 13, 1931. The one-hundredth anniversary of Clerk Maxwell's birth was marked by the scientific world "digging a grave for the theory of a luminiferous ether," but at the same time honoring Maxwell's mathematical genius.
• 1933 - Fleming was awarded the IRE Medal of Honor in 1933 for "the conspicuous part he played in introducing physical and engineering principles into the radio art." His contributions to electronic communications and radar were of vital importance, but it is certain that he will be chiefly remembered for the invention of the thermionic valve.
• 1945 - Fleming dies on April 18, 1945, at the age of 95 at Sidmouth in Devon, England.

03. EDITOR'S PATENT NOTES
••• Fleming on April 10, 1904 (not Nov. 16th, 1904) applied for the patent for his electron tube, naming it the oscillation valve. It was also called a thermionic valve, vacuum diode, kenotron, thermionic tube, or Fleming valve. Patent 803,684, "Instrument for Converting Alternating Electric Currents Into Continuous Currents" Filed April 10, 1904, Granted November 7, 1905.
• 1904 - PATENT - Fleming's 803,684 Patent Filed "Instrument for Converting Alternating Electric Currents Into Continuous Currents" Filed April 10, 1904, Granted November 7, 1905. CLICK TO VIEW PATENT.
• 1905 - PATENT - Fleming's 803,684 Patent Granted "Instrument for Converting Alternating Electric Currents Into Continuous Currents" Filed April 10, 1904, Granted November 7, 1905. CLICK TO VIEW PATENT.

---- MAXWELL'S ETHER THEORY DIES - November, 13, 1931. The one-hundredth anniversary of Clerk Maxwell's birth was marked by the scientific world "digging a grave for the theory of a luminiferous ether," but at the same time honoring Maxwell's mathematical genius.

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Yes90 tviNews S90 109 Ambros or John Ambrose Fleming of the "Smart Daaf Boys" The inventors that put the Pizzazz in Radio Wave. Ambrose Fleming is the Inventor of the The Thermionic valve. This tube device, was patented on Nov 16th, on Nov 16th, 1904. (Get free copies of Fleming - U.S. Wireless Telephone Patents) Feature Story / • ambrosefleming / Smart90, lookradio, nbs100, tvimagazine, vratv, xingtv, Ddiaries, Soulfind, nbstubblefield, congming90, chinaexpo, vralogo, Look Radio, China Expo, Soul Find, s90tv, wifi90, dv90, nbs 100, Josie Cory, Publisher, Troy Cory, ePublisher, Troy Cory-Stubblefield / Kudoads, Photo Image665, Movies troy cory show duration:medium:free - 4 min - Television With No Borders

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