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1.
Feature
(Excerpt
from)
"The SMART-DAAF BOYS"
Continued
from above -
Believe
it or not, before telephony was changed to
radio, the word "phony" -- bothered
everyone in those early days of the
wireless telephony industry. Even
the
name Guglielmo might have worked out for
Senior Marconi too, if it could have been
shortened to a trendy name.
Can
you imagine, "Google Marconi"?
In the early days
of wireless telephony and telegraphy,
there were no packets of instant coffee
and Creamora laying around, where all you
had to do was add hot water.
As for radio,
television, the Internet, WiFi, and the
terms antenna, radio AC alternators, and
Radio Shack, the words and entity didn't
exist when Marconi and Stubblefield
started their wireless operations.
In fact, to make
telephony talk in a big way, it took
Smart-Daaf Boy Stubblefield -- over
eighteen years to get the government to
patent the first Wireless Telephone
system, It all started with his public
demonstrations in 1892, and his 1898 basic
EMW grounded electrolytic patent. As for
Marconi, and his efforts to get an
all-in-one patent for his Wireleess
Telegraphy system, he was locked out by
all
nations.
It was
Stubblefield's 1907 All-in-one articular
voice / music and signal transmission
patent, that separated the other
Smart-Daaf Boys' wireless telegrapy, AC
generators, alternators and tube element
patents from Stubblefield's, especially
those ancillary patents that were granted
without the words, "Wireless Telegraphy,"
"Wireless Telephony" or "Radio" denoted on
the face page of their
patent.CLICK
TO SEE 1907 AUTO PATENT
DRAWING.
It took 100 years
after the Stubblefield Wireless
Telephone patent was filed, before
the first group of Wireless
Telephone frequencies were sold by
the FCC for over $30-billions of dollars.
(1996),.
- CLICK
FOR FCC FREQUENCY SALES
REPORT
In the course of Marconi's
subsequent works to make his
own spark gap telegraphy system
operate, he, at times,
acquired the essential telegraphic and
telephony ancillary licenses from others.
This assured him a place in the world of
physics, as a recipient of the
1909
Nobel Prize, along with Karl Braun. During
World War I, Marconi was in charge of the
Italian wireless service. Marconi
developed shortwave secret communication
transmissions during this
time.
Edison, A.
Frederick Collins, Ambrose Fleming, NBS
and Squier, were a few of the inventors
that helped Marconi create the corporate
success of his Marconi Wireless Telegraph
Company. It was from the writings of A.
Frederick Collins, where Marconi found the
reasons, as to why, the "Y" was added to
the words telegraph and
telephone.
The "skY" knowledge, led him to
Smart-Daaf Boy, Ambrose Fleming, the
coherer glass tube, and to his first
trans-atlantic Morse Code letter "S"
transmission in December, 1901.
A few weeks later on the Potomac
River, it was Smart-Daaf Boys,
Stubblefield's turn. The January, 1902,
ship-to-shore voice broadcast
demonstration, became a first.
Stubblefield had a group of Washington,
D.C. dignataries listening in on both
handsets and speakers. The receiver was
connected to a land-line telephone
connection, relaying the voice broadcast
to Philadelphia listeners. The
Ambrose Fleming Oscillation Valve
In 1899,
Ambrose Fleming became a consultant to
Marconi. This was to be a crucial event
that was to shape Marconi's future. Here
he saw a discovery known as the Fleming
Oscillation Valvet being developed in
front of his eyes. It was found that the
evacuated light bulb with a second
electrode would allow current to flow from
one electrode to the other, but only in
one direction.
By evacuating glass tube of
unwanted particles, Fleming was able to
produce a stable, dependable coherer
device in which Marconi introduced to his
ground earth induction coils. Each had
varied electrical characteristics for each
transmitting and receiving antennas,
thereby enabling him to tuning them to to
each other.
This
made it possible for a great number of
stations to use the "air" at one time
without interference.
The Fleming Electron
Tubel Device, the Oscillation Valve was
patented in 1904, as a Telegraphy device.
MORE
AMBROSE STORY.
----
Marconi soon
discovered that if all Hertz had to do to
send a spark of electricity across a room
to produce a visible spark, was ground the
tuning fork and coil properly, why
couldn't a coherer be used as an
ancillary. Using the already developed
coherer in place of his spark gap device,
Marconi and his consultant, Ambrose
Fleming, found that by properly grounding
the coherer to his new 1900 -
"four
seven's" patent No.
7777, the effect
would multiply the distance a thousand
times over the stop gap signal, he was
using to send Dit - Dahs.
----He
later found out that this was because a
coherer required less than one thousandth
of the energy necessary to produce a
visible spark.
----
Marconi, even as a
Nobel Peace Prize winner, said, "he never
claimed to be a scientist." He always
stated his ability lay in combining
certain facts discovered and developed by
others. Marconi's first transmitter
consisted of an elevated antenna with the
spark gap located at its lower end. The
end itself was solidly connected by the
NBS anenna system to the earth. His
receiving antenna carefully duplicated the
transmitting antenna with the coherer
positioned where the spark gap was. His
first efforts succeeded in transmitting a
signal three-fourths of a mile across his
father's estate.
02
/
The
Smart Daaf Boys
Timeline
/
MARCONI
1874 - Guglielmo Marconi was
born on 25 April 1874, near Bologna,
Italy, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi,
an Italian landowner, and his Irish wife,
Annie Jameson, granddaughter of the
founder of the Jameson Whiskey distillery.
He was educated in Bologna, Florence and,
later, in Livorno, and was brought up as a
Protestant. He briefly attended Rugby
School in the United Kingdom.
1894 - Guglielmo Marconi, the
wealthy young Italian man, just in his
20s, read an account of Hertzian waves in
an electric journal his mother had pointed
out.
The spark hit, his vacation was cut
short, and he rushed back to his home-lab
facilities, to test the sparkling ideas
that had struck him.
1894 - Radio waves were known
as 'Hertzian Waves' when Marconi began
experimenting in 1894. A few years earlier
Heinrich Hertz had produced and detected
the waves across his laboratory. Marconi's
achievement was to produce and detect the
waves over long distances, laying the
foundations for what today we know as
radio
1896 - Marconi took his
apparatus to England where he was
introduced to Mr. (later Sir) William
Preece, Engineer-in-Chief of the Post
Office, and later that year was granted
the world's first patent for a system of
wireless telegraphy. He demonstrated his
system successfully in London, on
Salisbury Plain and across the Bristol
Channel, and in July 1897 formed The
Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company
Limited (in 1900 re-named Marconi's
Wireless Telegraph Company Limited). In
the same year he gave a demonstration to
the Italian Government at Spezia where
wireless signals were sent over a distance
of twelve miles. In 1899 he established
wireless communication between France and
England across the English Channel. He
erected permanent wireless stations at The
Needles, Isle of Wight, at Bournemouth and
later at the Haven Hotel, Poole,
Dorset.
1897 - Marconi formed The
Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company
Limited (in 1900 re-named Marconi's
Wireless Telegraph Company Limited). In
the same year he gave a demonstration to
the Italian Government at Spezia where
wireless signals were sent over a distance
of twelve miles. In 1899 he established
wireless communication between France and
England across the English Channel. He
erected permanent wireless stations at The
Needles, Isle of Wight, at Bournemouth and
later at the Haven Hotel, Poole,
Dorset
.
1897 - Marconi was awarded a
patent for Radio communications with
British Patent GB12039, "Improvements in
transmitting electrical impulses and
signals and in apparatus there-for" on 2
July 1897 (sometimes recognised as the
World's first patent in radio
telecommunication). In July of 1897,
Marconi formed the London based Wireless
Telegraph Trading Signal Company (later
renamed the Marconi Wireless Telegraph
Company)
1897 - Marconi made a wireless
transmission across water on May 13, 1897
from Lavernock Point, South Wales to Flat
Holm island. He reportedly received the
first trans-Atlantic radio signal on 12
December 1901 at Signal Hill in St.
John's, Newfoundland (now in Canada) using
a 400-foot (122-metre) kite-supported
antenna for reception.
1897 -
U.S.
Patent 0586193, Marconi "Transmitting
Electrical Signals", (using Ruhmkorff coil
and Morse code key) filed Dec. 7, 1896,
Granted July 13,
1897.CLICK TO VIEW PATENT
1898 - London based Wireless
Telegraph Trading Signal Company (later
renamed the Marconi Wireless Telegraph
Company), opened the World's first
"wireless" factory in Hall Street,
Chelmsford, England in 1898, employing
around 50 people.
1898 - In March, 1898 Marconi
flashed a message across the English
Channel. He made a wireless transmission
across the water from Ballycastle
(Northern Ireland) to Rathlin Island.
1899 - at the invitation of the
New York Herald, Marconi came to America
and transmitted reports on the America Cup
races from a ship out of sight of land to
a shore&endash;based
receiver.
1899 -
Ambrose
Fleming became a consultant to Marconi.
This was to be a crucial event that was to
shape Marconi's future. Here he saw a
discovery known as the Fleming Oscillation
Valvet being developed in front of his
eyes.
1899 - US Patent 624,516, Marconi
"Apparatus Employed in Wireless
Telegraphy" Filed May 5, 1899, Granted May
9, 1899. CLI CK TO VIEW
PATENT
1899 - US
Patent 627,650,
Marconi
"Apparatus Employed in Wireless
Telegraphy" Filed Jan. 5, 1899, Granted
June 27, 1899. " CLICK TO
VIEW
PATENT
1900 -US
Patent 647,007,
Marconi"Apparatus
Employed in Wireless Telegraphy"Filed
June 13, 1899 Granted
April 10, 1900.
CLICK
TO VIEW
PATENT
1900 - 7777
US Patent 763,772. Marconi "Apparatus for
Wireless Telegraphy" Filed Nov. 10 1900 ,
Issued June 28, 1904. Marconi took out
his famous "four seven's" patent No. 7777
for "tuned or syntonic telegraphy"
The
1904 U.S. version of the 7777
patent, US patent No. 763,772,
was found to be invalid in a celebrated
1943 Supreme Court decision.
CLICK TO
VIEW
PATENT
1900 -US
Patent 647,008, Marconi
"Apparatus
Employed in Wireless
Telegraphy",
Filed Dec. 26, 1899 Granted April 10,
1900.
CLICK
TO VIEW PATENT 1900 -US
Patent 647,009, Marconi
"Apparatus
Employed in Wireless Telegraphy"
Filed
Dec. 26, 1899, Granted April 10, 1900,
CLICK
TO VIEW PATENT 1900 -US
Patent 650,109, Marconi "Apparatus
Employed in Wireless Telegraphy" Filed
Oct. 10, 1899, Granted May 22,
1900.CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT 1900 -US
Patent 650,110, Marconi "Apparatus
Employed in Wireless Telegraphy" Filed
Oct. 12, 1899, Issued May 22, 1900.
CLICK
TO VIEW PATENT 1901 -US
Patent 668,315,
Marconi "Receiver
for Electrical Oscillation" Filed July 17,
1900 , Issued February 19, 1901.CLICK TO
VIEW PATENT 1901 - US
Patent 676,332, Marconi "Apparatus for
Wirless Telegraphy" Filed Feb. 23, 1901,
Issued June 11, 1901.
CLICK
TO VIEW PATENT
1901 - Marconi built a station
near Wellfleet, Massachusetts. It was
first called CC (Cape Cod), then MCC
(Marconi Cape Cod) and finally WCC when
the US government issued "W" call letters
to stations east of the Mississippi. In
1903, from this station, Marconi sent the
famous message from the President of the
US to the King of the United Kingdom. This
message was sent directly from Welfleet to
England, without being relayed via the
Marconi station at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.
During WWI, all radio stations went off
the air. When the war was over, Marconi
had planned to move this station to
Chatham, mainly because the ocean had
eroded the cliff where the Welfleet
station stood. Reportedly, the U.S.
Government was worried about foreign
ownership of radio stations.
1901 - first trans-atlantic
Morse Code letter "S" transmission in
December, 1901. Marconi's antenna, held
aloft by a kite, responded to the faint
signal -- -di di dit - letter, "S", that
was purportedly transmitted from Poldhun
Cornwall, Wales. The "S" was supposedly
heard by Marconi with the earphone held
closely to his ear.
Marconi and his men heard the
signal some 25 times that day, but they
made no announcements to the curious
members of the press waiting in town. For
three more days, they kept their windy
vigil on Signal Hill. Finally, when they
realized they were not likely to get any
stronger signals, Marconi called for a
photographer to come up and make a
photographic record of the men who had
made history here. On December 16, 1901,
the world press headlined the scientific
story of the year. Marconi had confounded
the world's leading physicists. He proved
that a message tapped out in Cornwall
could be sent forth on an electromagnetic
wave, and ride over the curving Atlantic
at roughly the speed of light, curving
over the sea as the earth curved.
Scientists then didn't know why
that signal curved, but any physics
teacher, any encyclopedia can now tell you
why. It's because of something called the
ionosphere.
1902 - Marconi continued to use
longwaves (lower frequencies). However
there is little doubt that by February
1902, Marconi's apparatus was reliably
receiving complete messages at 2500 km
(1550 miles) at night and 1100 km (700
miles) by day, and usually picked up a
special test signal at 3400 km (2100
miles), the distance of Poldhu to
Newfoundland. By 1903, the Marconi Company
was carrying regular transatlantic news
transmissions.
1902 - Marconi has been the
recipient of honorary doctorates of
several universities and many other
international honors and awards. He was
decorated by the Tsar of Russia with the
Order of St. Anne, the King of Italy
created him Commander of the Order of St.
Maurice and St. Lazarus, and awarded him
the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
of Italy in 1902.
1903 - He received the freedom
of the City of Rome (1903), and was
created Chevalier of the Civil Order of
Savoy in 1905. Many other distinctions of
this kind followed. In 1914 he was both
created a Senatore in the Italian Senate
and app ointed Honorary Knight Grand Cross
of the Royal Victorian Order in England.
He received the hereditary title of
Marchese in 1929.
1903 - Marconi's thoughts were
focused on perfecting a way to send the
Morse Code and voice wirelessly through
the Sky, using his own telegraphy devices,
and a telephony device he picked up in
Philadelphia in 1903, after a Collins'
telephony demonstration.
1904 - US
Patent 760,463, Marconi "Wireless
Signaling System" Filed Sept. 10, 1903,
Issued May 24, 1904. CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
1904 - US
Patent 763,772, Marconi "Apparatus for
Wireless Telegraphy" Filed Nov. 10 1900 ,
Issued June 28, 1904.
The
1904 U.S. version of the 7777
patent, US patent No. 763,772,
was found to be invalid in a celebrated
1943 Supreme Court decision.
CLICK TO
VIEW PATENT
1905 - Marconi has been the
recipient of honorary doctorates of
several universities and many other
international honors and awards. and was
created Chevalier of the Civil Order of
Savoy in 1905. Many other distinctions of
this kind
followed.
1905 - On 16 March 1905 he
married Beatrice O'Brien, daughter of
Edward Donough O'Brien, 14th Baron
Inchiquin, Ireland. They had three
daughters (one of whom lived only a few
weeks), and one son. Marconi and O'Brien
later divorced.
1907 - Marconi achieved fully
reliable transatlantic
communication.
1909 - Nobel Prize -
Marconi is recipient of the Nobel Prize in
Physics along with Karl Ferdinand Braun.
During World War I, Marconi was in charge
of the Italian wireless service. Marconi
developed shortwave secret communication
transmissions during this
time.
1914 -
Marconi was
commissioned in the Italian Army as a
Lieutenant being later promoted to
Captain, and in 1916 transferred to the
Navy in the rank of Commander. He was a
member of the Italian Government mission
to the United States in 1917 and in 1919
was appointed Italian plenipotentiary
delegate to the Paris Peace Conference. He
was awarded the Italian Military Medal in
1919 in recognition of his war
service.
1914 - Marconi built WCC in
Chatham, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod. It
would become the busiest ship to shore
radio station for most of the twentieth
century. WCC was sold during the breakup
of RCA in the 1990s to MCI, and was
finally shut down in 1997. In its final
years on the Cape, WCC was operated
remotely over a fiber optic link right
down to such details as antenna
adjustments and frequency tuning from
California's KPH. It ended life on Cape
Cod with a two-man crew. A film
documentary of this chapter of Marconi's
career was produced. It was narrated by
journalist Walter Cronkite and directed by
filmmaker Christopher Seufert. The
callsign WCC is still heard over the radio
from Globe Wireless's automated
radio-based email system from a new
location in Maryland.
1914 - Marco ni was both
created a Senatore in the Italian Senate
and app ointed Honorary Knight Grand Cross
of the Royal Victorian Order in
England.
1917 -
Marconi was a member
of the Italian Government mission to the
United States in 1917 and in 1919 was
appointed Italian plenipotentiary delegate
to the Paris Peace Conference. He was
awarded the Italian Military Medal in 1919
in recognition of his war
service.
1918 -US
Patent 1,271,190, Marconi "Wireless
Telegraphy Transmitter" Filed April 30,
1914, Issued July 2, 1918. CLICK TO VIEW
PATENT
191 9 - On November 20, 1919
the Marconi Company of America was merged
with the Radio Corporation of America
(RCA).
1919 -
Marconi
was awarded the Italian Military Medal in
1919 in recognition of his war
service.
1920 - Marconi's Chelmsford
factory was the location of the first
officially publicised sound broadcasts in
the UK.
1922 - the World's first
regular wireless broadcasts for
entertainment commenced from the Marconi
Research Centre at Writtle near
Chelmsford.
1922 -
the BBC
was established.
1922 - Marconi first foretold the
principles of radar in a lecture to the
American Institute of Radio Engineers in
New
York.
1923 - Marconi joined the
Italian Fascist party. Benito Mussolini
made Marconi President of the Accademia
d'Italia, which also made him a member of
the Fascist Grand Council. He made Fascist
speeches on the radio in a number of
countries.
1927 - On 15 June 1927, he
married Maria Cristina Bezzi-Scali;
Mussolini was best man. Their daughter was
named Maria Elettra Elena Anna Marconi.
Two years later, he was created a marchese
(marquess) by King Victor Emmanuel
III..
1929 - Marconi received
the hereditary title of Marchese in
1929.
1931 - Marconi began research into the
propagation characteristics of still
shorter waves, resulting in the opening in
1932 of the world's first microwave
radiotelephone link between the Vatican
City and the Pope's summer residence at
Castel Gandolfo. Two years later at Sestri
Levante he demonstrated his microwave
radio beacon for ship navigation and in
1935, again in Italy, gave a practical
demonstration of the principles of radar,
the coming of which he had first foretold
in a lecture to the American Institute of
Radio Engineers in New York in
1922.-
1931 -
Maxwell's
ether therory dies, November, 13,
1931. 1934 - Marconi at Sestri
Levante demonstrated his microwave radio
beacon for ship navigation. 1935 - Marconi again in
Italy, gave a practical demonstration of
the principles of radar. 1937 - Guglielmo
Marconi died of a heart attack in Rome on
July 20, 1937. As a tribute to Marconi,
radio stations throughout the world
observed two minutes of radio silence
1943 - On June 21, 1943 the
Supreme Court of the United States held
the broad claims of Guglielmo Marconi's
patent for improvements in apparatus for
wireless telegraphy to be invalid. First
written for publication by the Antique
Wireless Association, this monograph shows
how the nation's high court arrived at its
decision. It provides an answer to the
continuing argument regarding the popular
misconception that Marconi invented
radio. 03
Editors Patent Notes: Marconi
applied for his original and basic patent
in 1896. Four years later he was granted a
patent on a four circuit tuning system,
which demonstrated his use and
understanding of series tuning systems
wherein the second tuned circuit refined
that which was selected by the first, and
so on. In March, 1898 Marconi flashed a
message across the English Channel. In
1899, at the invitation of the New York
Herald, Marconi came to America and
transmitted reports on the America Cup
races from a ship out of sight of land to
a shore&endash;based receiver.
----
Marconi wanted to
prove the value of wireless telegraphy,
but we will go on to his most dramatic
feat. His equipment spanned 2,000 miles of
broad, curving ocean, a barrier which many
famous scientists said could not be done:
Electromagnetic waves would not travel
around a curve. But on December 12, 1901,
two weeks before Stubblefield's public
demonstrations, Marconi's antenna, held
aloft by a kite, responded to the signal
-- -di di dit - letter, "S", that was
purportedly transmitted from Poldhun
Cornwall, Wales. The "S" was supposedly
heard by Marconi with the earphone held
closely to his ear.
----
The coherer, as
invented by Branly and refined by Marconi,
was essentially a go&endash;no&endash;go
device. In the presence of a magnetic
field its particles cohered and lost most
of their electrical resistance so that a
battery derived electric current could be
directed through the device and activate a
telegraphic sounder. Then the coherence
would be mechanically interrupted while
the system awaited a following pulse of
magnetic energy.
-----
While this is
satisfactory for telegraphy, it would not
respond to reception of
sound&endash;modulated electromagnetic
waves. To "detect" such waves, radio
waves, if you will, a device that
responded to the intensity or amplitude of
the signal was required, such as the
transmitter/receiver used by
Stubblefield.
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109
GUGLIELMO
MARCONI (1874-1937) of the"Smart
Daaf Boys" The Biography and
Timeline
The
inventors that put the Pizzazz in
Radio Wave. Marconi is the
Inventor of the
Wireless
Telegraphu system, and holder of
the first Public Demonstrations
of sending the Morse Code, Dit
Dahs, between -1896
-1901
Radio Patent Information &
Public Demonstrations (Get
free copies of Marconi - U.S.
Wireless Telephone
Patents)
Feature
Story / marconi
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